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1.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 47(supl.1): 31-37, Oct.-Dec. 2016. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-839327

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT During the last 30 years there has been a dissemination of plasmid-mediated β-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil. Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) are widely disseminated in the hospital setting and are detected in a lower frequency in the community setting. Cefotaximases are the most frequently detected ESBL type and Klebsiella pneumoniae is the predominant species among ESBL producers. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae became widely disseminated in Brazil during the last decade and KPC production is currently the most frequent resistance mechanism (96.2%) in carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae. To date KPC-2 is the only variant reported in Brazil. Polymyxin B resistance in KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae has come to an alarming rate of 27.1% in 2015 in São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase was detected in Brazil in 2013, has been reported in different Brazilian states but are not widely disseminated. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil is a very serious problem that needs urgent actions which includes both more strict adherence to infection control measures and more judicious use of antimicrobials.


Subject(s)
Humans , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/epidemiology , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Plasmids/genetics , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , beta-Lactamases/genetics , beta-Lactamases/metabolism , Brazil/epidemiology , Polymyxins/therapeutic use , Polymyxins/pharmacology , beta-Lactams/therapeutic use , beta-Lactams/pharmacology , Enterobacteriaceae/enzymology , Enterobacteriaceae/genetics , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
2.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 20(5): 476-481, Sept.-Oct. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-828149

ABSTRACT

Abstract Clostridium difficile is a leading cause of diarrhea in hospitalized patients worldwide. While metronidazole and vancomycin are the most prescribed antibiotics for the treatment of this infection, teicoplanin, tigecycline and nitazoxanide are alternatives drugs. Knowledge on the antibiotic susceptibility profiles is a basic step to differentiate recurrence from treatment failure due to antimicrobial resistance. Because C. difficile antimicrobial susceptibility is largely unknown in Brazil, we aimed to determine the profile of C. difficile strains cultivated from stool samples of inpatients with diarrhea and a positive toxin A/B test using both agar dilution and disk diffusion methods. All 50 strains tested were sensitive to metronidazole according to CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints with an MIC90 value of 2 μg/mL. Nitazoxanide and tigecycline were highly active in vitro against these strains with an MIC90 value of 0.125 μg/mL for both antimicrobials. The MIC90 were 4 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL for vancomycin and teicoplanin, respectively. A resistance rate of 8% was observed for moxifloxacin. Disk diffusion can be used as an alternative to screen for moxifloxacin resistance, nitazoxanide, tigecycline and metronidazole susceptibility, but it cannot be used for testing glycopeptides. Our results suggest that C. difficile strains from São Paulo city, Brazil, are susceptible to metronidazole and have low MIC90 values for most of the current therapeutic options available in Brazil.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Reference Values , Thiazoles/pharmacology , Brazil , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Vancomycin/pharmacology , Colony Count, Microbial/methods , Reproducibility of Results , Clostridium Infections/microbiology , Teicoplanin/pharmacology , Fluoroquinolones/pharmacology , Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests/methods , Bacterial Load , Moxifloxacin , Tigecycline , Metronidazole/pharmacology , Minocycline/analogs & derivatives , Minocycline/pharmacology
3.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1469621

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT During the last 30 years there has been a dissemination of plasmid-mediated -lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil. Extended spectrum -lactamases (ESBL) are widely disseminated in the hospital setting and are detected in a lower frequency in the community setting. Cefotaximases are the most frequently detected ESBL type and Klebsiella pneumoniae is the predominant species among ESBL producers. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae became widely disseminated in Brazil during the last decade and KPC production is currently the most frequent resistance mechanism (96.2%) in carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae. To date KPC-2 is the only variant reported in Brazil. Polymyxin B resistance in KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae has come to an alarming rate of 27.1% in 2015 in São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. New Delhi metallo--lactamase was detected in Brazil in 2013, has been reported in different Brazilian states but are not widely disseminated. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil is a very serious problem that needs urgent actions which includes both more strict adherence to infection control measures and more judicious use of antimicrobials.

4.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 18(5): 561-564, Sep-Oct/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-723074

ABSTRACT

Rothia aeria is an uncommon pathogen mainly associated with endocarditis in case reports. In previous reports, endocarditis by R. aeria was complicated by central nervous system embolization. In the case we report herein, endocarditis by R. aeria was diagnosed after acute self-limited diarrhea. In addition to the common translocation of R. aeria from the oral cavity, we hypothesize the possibility of intestinal translocation. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and genetic sequencing are important tools that can contribute to early and more accurate etiologic diagnosis of severe infections caused by Gram-positive rods.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Aortic Valve/abnormalities , Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/diagnosis , Heart Valve Diseases/microbiology , Aortic Valve/microbiology , Bacterial Translocation , Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Heart Valve Diseases/diagnosis
5.
São Paulo; s.n; 2011. [69] p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-609452

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde, causadas por enterobactérias, representa um desafio crescente, em função do aumento da prevalência de resistência aos betalactâmicos, em particular às cefalosporinas de terceira e quarta gerações e carbapenêmicos. Os mecanismos de resistência mais relevantes a essas classes de antimicrobianos, em enterobactérias, é a produção de betalactamases de espectro ampliado e carbapenemases. Os objetivos do estudo foram: (1) determinar a frequência e caracterizar betalactamases de espectro ampliado (ESBL); (2) determinar a frequência e caracterizar o gene blaKPC-2; (3) avaliar a relação clonal entre isolados produtores de ESBL ou KPC, uma coleção de isolados do gênero Enterobacter cultivadas de casos de infecções relacionadas aos cuidados com a saúde diagnosticadas em pacientes atendidos em hospitais da cidade de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 141 isolados do gênero Enterobacter quanto à produção de ESBL pelo método de Jarlier e colaboradores, concentrações inibitórias mínimas para cefotaxima, cefepima e ceftazidima pelo método da diluição em ágar, halo de inibição para ertapenem pelo método de Kirby-Bauer e presença de genes que codificam ESBL ou KPC, por PCR. RESULTADOS: A frequência de isolados produtores de ESBL, quando utilizado o método de Jarlier e colaboradores foi de 22,7%. Os genes que codificam cefotaximases foram detectados em 34,4% dos isolados com teste fenotípico positivo para ESBL, e houve predomínio do grupo da CTX-M-8, enquanto os genes que codificam variantes SHV foram detectados em 18,7% dos produtores de ESBL. Os genes blaTEM-1 e blaOXA-1 foram detectados em 62,5%; 12,5% dos isolados com teste fenotípico positivo para ESBL, mas não são ESBLs. Não houve detecção do gene que codifica a enzima BES-1 na amostragem. O gene blaKPC-2 foi detectado em três dos 15 isolados produtores de ESBL e resistentes ao ertapenem. Os perfis obtidos por ERIC-PCR sugerem a disseminação...


INTRODUCTION: The treatment of healthcare associated infections caused by enterobacteria represents a growing challenge due to the increasing prevalence of beta-lactam resistance, particularly to third and fourth generations cephalosporins and carbapenems. The main mechanisms of resistance to these antimicrobial classes are the production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases. The objectives of this study were: (1) determine the frequency and characterize extended spectrum beta-lactamases; (2) determine the frequency and characterize blaKPC; (3) evaluate the clonal relation among ESBL or KPC producers, in a collection of Enterobacter isolates cultivated from cases of healthcare associated infections in patients from hospitals located in the city of São Paulo. METHODS: A total of 141 Enterobacter isolates were studied concerning ESBL production using the method from Jarlier and colleagues, minimum inhibitory concentrations for cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefepime by agar dilution method, inhibition zone for ertapenem by by Kirby-Bauer method and the presence of genes coding for ESBLs or KPCs, by PCR. RESULTS: The frequency of ESBL producers using Jarlier´s method was 22.7%. Genes coding for cefotaximases were detected in 34.4% of isolates with a positive test for ESBl and CTX-M-8 group was predominant, but blaSHV variants were also detected in 18.7% of the ESBL producres. blaTEM-1, and blaOXA-1 genes were detected in 62.5%; 12.5% of all isolates with a positive phenotypic test for ESBL, but there are not ESBLs. The blaKPC-2 gene was detected in three among 15 ESBL producers that were also resistant to ertapenem. ERIC-PCR profiles suggest the dissemination of an E. aerogenes clone among hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: The predominant ESBL determinants in the sample analyzed derive from blaCTX-M. The presence of the same clonal groups in different hospitals indicates inter-hospital dissemination. The presence of KPC producing Enterobacter is...


Subject(s)
beta-Lactamases , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Enterobacter aerogenes , Enterobacter cloacae
6.
São Paulo; s.n; 2005. [130] p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-436940

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância entre os métodos PRA-ITS e PRA-hsp65 na identificação das espécies do Grupo Mycobacterium chelonae-abscessus e a eficácia de PFGE, RAPO-PCR e ERIC-PCR na avaliação da similaridade genética de isolados de Mycobacterium chelonae e M. abscessus. Métodos: Um total de 98 isolados de M. chelonae e M. abscessus isolados em surtos ou não relacionados foram analisados por PRA-hsp65, PRA-ITS, ERIC-PCR, RAPD e PFGE. Resultados: Os isolados de M. chelonae dos surtos apresentaram perfil de PRA-ITS do genótipo M. chelonae 11. Os isolados do surto Mi apresentaram perfis de PRA-hsp65 com fragmentos de 310 e 130 bp após clivagem dos amplicons de hsp65 com BstEII e fragmentos de 200-70-60-55 após clivagem dos amplicons de hsp65 com Haelll. Os isolados de M. abscessus apresentaram o perfil de PRA-hsp65 M. abscessus I , 11 ou 111 e PRA-ITS M. abscessus I. Os isolados de M. chelonae apresentaram perfis de ERIC-PCR, RAPO e PFGE indistinguíveis quando pertencentes a um mesmo surto e distintos quando comparados surtos diferentes. Os isolados de M. abscessus apresentaram perfis de ERIC-PCR, RAPD e PFGE indistinguíveis ou similares quando pertencentes a um mesmo surto e distintos quando comparados surtos diferentes. Conclusões: Houve concordância de 100 por cento entre PRA-hsp65 e PRA-ITS quando analisados os isolados de M. chelonae e M. abscessus implicados em surtos. Uma nova variante alélica de hsp65 M. abscessus 111 causou um surto de ceratite na cidade de São Paulo. Uma variante alélica de hsp65, M. immunogenum 11, causou o primeiro surto descrito na literatura para esta espécie. ERIC-PCR apresentou o maior poder discriminatório para análise de clonalidade em M. abscessus. PFGE não deve ser utilizada para avaliação de clonalidade em isolados de genótipo hsp65 M. abscessus I que necessitam de tiouréia para impedir degradação de seu DNA durante a corrida eletroforética. Os métodos com o maior poder discriminatório para M. chelonae foram PFGE e RAPO com oligonucleotídeo RAPD1.


Subject(s)
Electrophoresis , Mycobacterium , Mycobacterium chelonae , Polymerase Chain Reaction
7.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 27(1): 27-32, jan. - fev. 1985. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-1472

ABSTRACT

Duas semanas após o insucesso da terapêutica com mebendazol - 400 mg diários durante quatro dias consecutivos -, 101 indivíduos de uma comunidade semifechada, 50,5% infectados por Hymenolepis nana, em sua maioria crianças entre dois e seis anos de idade, foram tratados com praziquantel (*) em duas doses orais de 20 a 25 mg/Kg, administradas com dez dias de intervalo. O diagnóstico da himenolepíase, bem como os controles de cura parasitológica realizados nos 7, 14, 21, 30, 60 e 90 dias depois da administraçäo da segunda dose de praziquantel, basearam-se em exames de fezes pelo método quantitativo de KATO/KATZ. A tolerância ao medicamento foi excelente e a negativaçäo dos exames ocorreu independentemente da intensidade do parasitismo. Nos 7 e 14 dias pós-tratamento encontraram-se ovos de H. nana, respectivamente em nove e em dois pacientes, mas esses ovos apresentavam-se distorcidos. No controle do 21 dia todos os resultados mostraram-se negativos, traduzindo um índice de cura de 100%. A partir do 30 dia verificou-se em três crianças a eliminaçäo de ovos normais do parasita. Tendo em vista serem essas as únicas que viviam em regime de semi-internaçäo nessa comunidade e a positividade tardia dos exames, esses casos foram considerados como reinfecçäo. Conclui-se, pelos resultados alcançados, que o esquema posológico empregado, fundamentado nas investigaçöes experimentais conduzidas por CAMPOS & col. (1983), é eficaz e seguro para o tratamento da himenolepíase, em especial, quando se pretende tentar erradicá-la numa comunidade fechada


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/drug therapy , Hymenolepiasis/drug therapy , Praziquantel/therapeutic use , Hymenolepiasis/diagnosis , Hymenolepiasis/prevention & control , Hymenolepis/drug effects , Parasite Egg Count
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