Variação sazonal na riqueza e na abundância de pequenos mamíferos, na estrutura da floresta e na disponibilidade de artrópodes em fragmentos florestais no Mato Grosso, Brasil / Seasonal variation in richness and abundance of small mammals and in forest structure and arthropod availability in forest fragments, at Mato Grosso, Brazil

Nós capturamos pequenos mamíferos em oito fragmentos florestais (43 a 1.411 ha) nos períodos seco e chuvoso, no sudoeste de Mato Grosso, Brasil, e investigamos a variação na riqueza e na abundância de pequenos mamíferos e em variáveis relacionadas à estrutura da floresta (volume da liteira e abertura do dossel) e à disponibilidade de artrópodes, entre os dois períodos do ano. As amostragens foram realizadas durante o período chuvoso entre 2002 e 2003 e durante período seco de 2003. Em cada fragmento, foram utilizadas armadilhas Sherman, Tomahawk, Snap trap e Pitfall durante 10 dias consecutivos em cada época do ano, totalizando 17.600 armadilhas x noites. Foram obtidas no total 379 capturas de 20 espécies, sendo sete de marsupiais e 13 de roedores, com sucesso de captura de 2,2 por cento (1,6 por cento para o período chuvoso e 2,7 por cento para o período seco). Não houve diferenças significativas na riqueza total, riqueza de roedores, riqueza de marsupiais, abundância total e abundância de roedores entre os períodos seco e chuvoso. Já a abundância de marsupiais foi significativamente maior na época da seca, quando a quantidade de chuvas é menor. O volume da liteira foi significativamente maior durante a seca, enquanto a disponibilidade de artrópodes foi significativamente maior durante o período chuvoso. Sendo assim, a grande disponibilidade de alimento no ambiente durante a estação chuvosa pode ter tornado as iscas das armadilhas menos atrativas. De maneira geral, as variações entre períodos seco e chuvoso observados estão de acordo com padrões descritos em outros estudos.

We captured small mammals in eight forest fragments (43 a 1.411 ha.) during the dry and wet seasons, in southwest Mato Grosso, Brazil, and investigated the variation in small mammal richness and abundance, as well as in forest structure variables (litter volume and canopy openness) and arthropod availability, between the two seasons. Sampling was carried out during the wet season between 2002 and 2003 and in the dry season of 2003. In each fragment, we used Sherman, Tomahawk, snap, and pitfall traps during 10 consecutive days per season, totaling 17,600 trap x nights. In total, we obtained 379 captures of 20 species, seven of marsupials and 13 of rodents. Overall capture success was 2.2 percent (1.6 percent during the wet season and 2.7 percent during the dry season). Total richness, richness of rodents, richness of marsupials, total abundance and abundance of rodents did not varied significantly between seasons. However, marsupial abundance was significantly lower in the dry season, when rainfall is high. Litter volume was significantly higher during the dry season, while arthropod availability was significantly higher during the wet season. Therefore, higher food availability during the wet season may have made trap baits less attractive. In general, the observed variations between dry and wet seasons are in accordance with patterns described in other studies.

Genomic resources for the conservation and management of the harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja, Falconiformes, Accipitridae)

We report the characterization and optimization of 45 heterologous microsatellite loci, and the development of a new set of molecular sex markers for the conservation and management of the Neotropical harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja L. 1758). Of the 45 microsatellites tested, 24 were polymorphic, six monomorphic, 10 uncharacterizable due to multiple bands and five did not amplify. The observed gene diversity of the analyzed sample of H. harpyja was low and similar to that of other threatened Falconiformes. While a high proportion of the microsatellite markers were highly variable, individuals of H. harpyja could be differentiated by a joint analysis of just three (p = 2.79 x 10-4) or four markers (p = 2.89 x 10-5). Paternity could be rejected with 95.23 percent and 97.83 percent probabilities using the same three and four markers, respectively. The sex determination markers easily and consistently differentiated males from females even with highly degraded DNA extracted from naturally shed feathers. The markers reported in this study potentially provide an excellent set of molecular tools for the conservation and management of wild and captive H. harpyja and they may also prove useful for the enigmatic Neotropical crested eagle (Morphnus guianensis Daudin 1800).