Complications and management of breast augmentation using two different types of fillers: a case series

An advantage of breast augmentation with injectable fillers is that the desired size can be determined and achieved under local anesthesia with a short recovery time. However, a high complication rate is a critical disadvantage. Some fillers are challenging to remove, resulting in breast deformity and scarring. Five patients who underwent surgery to manage a foreign body in the breasts in 2021 were enrolled in this study. Two had copolyamide filler injections, while the other three had polyacrylamide hydrogel filler injections. A physical examination was performed, and preoperative and intraoperative photographs were obtained. Two patients underwent subcutaneous mastectomy because most of the filler had infiltrated into the normal breast tissue. In contrast, the other patients underwent filler removal and debridement because most of the filler had remained separate from the normal breast tissue. All patients who had a subcutaneous mastectomy and one who underwent only filler removal underwent immediate breast reconstruction with cohesive gel implants. The other patients rejected immediate reconstruction, and only filler removal was performed. All patients recovered without complications. We propose an algorithm for diagnosis and treatment based on our cases, which we hope can help clinicians manage the complications of filler injections for breast augmentation.

Initial experiences and usefulness of porcine acellular dermal matrix-assisted prepectoral breast implant surgery: a case series and systematic review

Background@#We report our experiences with prepectoral placement breast implant surgery using Supporix (HansBioMed), a porcine acellular dermal matrix (PADM), for cosmetic and reconstructive indications. The clinical efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness of PADM were also discussed. @*Methods@#A single-center, retrospective study was designed from December 2017 to December 2019. The participants were Korean women who underwent PADM-assisted prepectoral breast implant surgery performed by two surgeons. All complications were registered and analyzed. A systematic review and meta-analysis of complication rates after PADM-assisted prepectoral breast implant surgery were conducted for comparison with other studies. A subgroup analysis was performed according to the operation type: the cosmetic breast surgery (CBS) group, the immediate implant-based breast reconstruction (IIBR) group, and the delayed implant-based breast reconstruction (DIBR) group. @*Results@#Twenty breasts in 16 patients were included in our study (median follow-up period, 8.25 months). In a systematic review, 20 publications with a total of 2,504 breasts in 1,921 women were quantitively analyzed. The overall complication rates in our study and other studies were 14% and 24% in the total group analysis, 0% and 12% in the CBS group, 62% and 26% in the IIBR group, and 0% and 28% in the DIBR group, respectively. @*Conclusions@#Our data support the effectiveness of PADM-assisted prepectoral breast implant surgery, which was comparable to other studies. PADM was effective for reducing seroma and hematoma in the revision CBS group and the DIBR group. In the IIBR group, it was helpful in preventing implant loss and explantation.

The impact of Allergan implant-related issues on patients with breast implants for reconstruction

Background@#In August 2019, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and the Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons confirmed the first case report of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) in Korea and provided recommendations. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the first case report of BIA-ALCL on patients and whether the impact could be mitigated through expert recommendations. @*Methods@#A retrospective chart review was performed of patients who underwent implant-based breast reconstruction using Biocell textured breast implants at Soonchunhyang University Hospital. After the first case report of BIA-ALCL and informing the patients via text messages, the pattern of outpatient visits and the proportion and indications of outpatient office visitors who received reoperations were analyzed. @*Results@#After the first BIA-ALCL case report in Korea, 12 patients underwent reoperations due to other complications identified incidentally, while only three patients underwent prophylactic surgery. Among the patients who underwent reoperation after the Allergan issues, 76.7% received implant exchange. There was no significant difference in the proportion of reoperation types before and after the Allergan issues and the transmission of text messages (P=0.700). @*Conclusions@#Despite the major issues, outpatients were managed successfully according to our recommendations. The study found a low rate of regular outpatient visits; however, our efforts increased this rate. Therefore, methods for appropriate information delivery are needed for outpatient visits, as well as a system for regular monitoring. As experts, plastic surgeons should provide responsible leadership in this situation to relieve patients’ concerns.

Current status of and trends in post-mastectomy breast reconstruction in Korea

Since April 2015, post-mastectomy breast reconstruction has been covered by the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS). The frequency of these procedures has increased very rapidly. We analyzed data obtained from the Big Data Hub of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) and determined annual changes in the number of breast reconstruction procedures and related trends in Korea. We evaluated the numbers of mastectomy and breast reconstruction procedures performed between April 2015 and December 2018 using data from the HIRA Big Data Hub. We determined annual changes in the numbers of total, autologous, and implant breast reconstructions after NHIS coverage commenced. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The post-mastectomy breast reconstruction rate increased from 19.4% in 2015 to 53.4% in 2018. In 2015, implant reconstruction was performed in 1,366 cases and autologous reconstruction in 905 (60.1% and 39.8%, respectively); these figures increased to 3,703 and 1,570 (70.2% and 29.7%, respectively) in 2018. Free tissue transfer and deep inferior epigastric perforator flap creation were the most common autologous reconstruction procedures. For implant-based reconstructions, the rates of directto-implant and tissue-expander breast reconstructions (first stage) were similar in 2018. This study summarizes breast reconstruction trends in Korea after NHIS coverage was expanded in 2015. A significant increase over time in the post-mastectomy breast reconstruction rate was evident, with a trend toward implant-based reconstruction. Analysis of data from the HIRA Big Data Hub can be used to predict breast reconstruction trends and convey precise information to patients and physicians.

New strategy to prevent implant displacement in transaxillary endoscopic augmentation mammaplasty

Breast augmentation is one of the most popular cosmetic procedures in Korea and worldwide. In breast augmentation, it is crucial to place the implant in the proper position by creating an adequate pocket considering the size of the implant. This prevents subsequent displacement of the implant. When using an endoscope, the operation is performed without direct vision and in a narrow surgical space, leading to limitations in practice. Inexperienced physicians face a steep learning curve in their efforts to overcome this difficulty. In this study, we attempted to overcome this challenge by specifying the medial and lateral dissection ranges. The extent of the dissection is determined based on the pinnate of the pectoralis major muscle when dissecting medially and the fascia of the pectoralis major, the pectoralis minor, and the serratus anterior muscles when dissecting laterally. In addition, the structure made from the medial and lateral sides can support the implant like a funnel and can prevent further downward, inward, and outward displacement.

A 30-year neglected foreign body mimicking a maxillary fracture

A-50-year-old male patient presented with complaint of tenderness on the left malar area after traffic accident. Our first impression on him was zygomatic fracture, we did radiologic work-up and physical examination on him. But, on the computed tomography scan, there was no fracture or discontinuity on his facial bone. The computed tomography scan was revealed a 4-cm long foreign body in left maxillary sinus with a large amount of fluid collection. After thorough history taking from him, we reveal the patient had a history of trauma 30 years back on the left zygomatic area with a chopstick. The foreign body was removed via transoral approach with the endoscopic assist. There was no complication after operation.

Emergency room visits for severe complications after cosmetic surgery

BACKGROUND: Because many cosmetic surgery clinics are not adequately equipped to handle emergent conditions, patients often come to a university hospital when problems occur during or after cosmetic surgery. However, few in-depth studies have been conducted of this issue. Therefore, we investigated emergency department visits due to complications associated with cosmetic surgery. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of 38 patients who visited the emergency department of the authors' institution due to complications associated with cosmetic surgery from July 2014 to June 2017. RESULTS: There were more women than men (30 women vs. 8 men). Their mean age was 32.4 years (range, 19–57 years). Upon presentation to the emergency department, patients' vital signs and mental status were usually normal (27 normal vs. 11 abnormal). The types of surgery included blepharoplasty, rhinoplasty, malar/orthognathic surgery, mammaplasty, liposuction, fat grafting, and filler and botulinum toxin injections. Most patients required hospitalization (26 admitted vs. 12 discharged). Eight of the hospitalized patients required intensive care unit care, of whom two died and three experienced brain death or had permanent neurologic sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: The complications were usually minor problems, despite the need for hospitalization, but some complications were life-threatening. We recommend close monitoring and maintaining an adequate injection capacity for intravenous sedative anesthesia. When any symptom or sign of a complication occurs, it is best to transfer the patient to a university hospital as soon as possible. Taking a careful medical history is always needed, even for minor procedures.

Upside-Down Rotation of a Breast Implant with Double Capsule Formation after Aesthetic Breast Augmentation: A Case Report

Some complications can occur after augmentation mammoplasty with a prosthesis. Double capsule formation is an uncommon complication, and it is especially rare for it to be accompanied by malrotation of a round implant. We report herein a case of double capsule formation with upside-down rotation of the implant after augmentation mammoplasty.

Will a Fibrin Sealant be Effective as a Seroma Reductant and a Hemostatic Agent in Breast Reconstruction Using a Latissimus Dorsi Flap?

BACKGROUND: The latissimus dorsi (LD) flap is widely used in breast cancer reconstruction, but donor-site morbidity is one of the major limitations of this surgery. Donor-site seroma is the most common complication. To prevent seroma formation, we consider the use of a fibrin sealant (FS) because of its hemostatic and sealing effects. In this study, we investigate the effect of a FS on seroma prevention and as a hemostatic agent at the LD donor site. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted from 2011 to 2015. Herein, we analyzed the preoperative status, changes in the hemoglobin (Hb) level according to the postoperative day, postoperative drain amount, and the drain removal time. RESULTS: The decline in the Hb level was not statistically significantly less in the FS group than in the control group. Further, the difference in the drain amount between the 2 groups was not statistically significant either. The seroma rate and the drain removal time between the 2 groups also did not show any statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: The FS does not have hemostatic effect and the drain amount reduction in the early phase of recovery and does not prevent seroma. Therefore, an empirical use of the FS alone is no longer recommended to prevent seroma. In contrast, the quilting suture has been reported to be effective in seroma prevention. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effects of a combination of quilting sutures and the FS on seroma and the other risk factors of this surgical complication.

Will a Fibrin Sealant be Effective as a Seroma Reductant and a Hemostatic Agent in Breast Reconstruction Using a Latissimus Dorsi Flap?

BACKGROUND: The latissimus dorsi (LD) flap is widely used in breast cancer reconstruction, but donor-site morbidity is one of the major limitations of this surgery. Donor-site seroma is the most common complication. To prevent seroma formation, we consider the use of a fibrin sealant (FS) because of its hemostatic and sealing effects. In this study, we investigate the effect of a FS on seroma prevention and as a hemostatic agent at the LD donor site. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted from 2011 to 2015. Herein, we analyzed the preoperative status, changes in the hemoglobin (Hb) level according to the postoperative day, postoperative drain amount, and the drain removal time. RESULTS: The decline in the Hb level was not statistically significantly less in the FS group than in the control group. Further, the difference in the drain amount between the 2 groups was not statistically significant either. The seroma rate and the drain removal time between the 2 groups also did not show any statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: The FS does not have hemostatic effect and the drain amount reduction in the early phase of recovery and does not prevent seroma. Therefore, an empirical use of the FS alone is no longer recommended to prevent seroma. In contrast, the quilting suture has been reported to be effective in seroma prevention. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effects of a combination of quilting sutures and the FS on seroma and the other risk factors of this surgical complication.

Late Capsular Hematoma after Prosthesis Removal Following Aesthetic Breast Augmentation: A Case Report

Late capsular hematoma formation after augmentation mammoplasty with an implant is a very rare complication. Some mechanisms explaining late capsular hematoma formation have been reported; it is thought to be associated with capsular contracture, textured implants, and the use of corticosteroid and anticoagulant agents. However, no reports of late capsular hematoma formation after prosthesis removal have been published. Herein, we report a case of late capsular hematoma formation after the removal of a prosthesis 10 years previously, following augmentation mammoplasty.

Late Capsular Hematoma after Prosthesis Removal Following Aesthetic Breast Augmentation: A Case Report

Late capsular hematoma formation after augmentation mammoplasty with an implant is a very rare complication. Some mechanisms explaining late capsular hematoma formation have been reported; it is thought to be associated with capsular contracture, textured implants, and the use of corticosteroid and anticoagulant agents. However, no reports of late capsular hematoma formation after prosthesis removal have been published. Herein, we report a case of late capsular hematoma formation after the removal of a prosthesis 10 years previously, following augmentation mammoplasty.

Primary Cutaneous Mucinous Carcinoma of the Eyelid

Primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma (PCMC) is a rare low-grade malignant neoplasm derived from the eccrine glands. PCMC most commonly arises in the head and neck, with the eyelid being the most common site of origin. This case report describes a 51-year-old male with a painless, pigmented superficial nodular lesion over his right lower eyelid. The lesion was considered to be benign, and the initial treatment was simple excision with a 3-mm margin. However, histologic examination revealed the diagnosis of PCMC, and the patient underwent re-excision of the tumor site with an additional 3-mm margin from the initial scar. Histologic study of this second margin was free of any malignant cells. The patient experienced no postoperative complication or recurrence after 2 years. In our case, the skin lesion had benign morphologic findings and was strongly suspected to be a benign mass. Physicians should be aware of this tumor and be able to differentiate it from benign cystic or solid eyelid lesions.

Primary Cutaneous Mucinous Carcinoma of the Eyelid

Primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma (PCMC) is a rare low-grade malignant neoplasm derived from the eccrine glands. PCMC most commonly arises in the head and neck, with the eyelid being the most common site of origin. This case report describes a 51-year-old male with a painless, pigmented superficial nodular lesion over his right lower eyelid. The lesion was considered to be benign, and the initial treatment was simple excision with a 3-mm margin. However, histologic examination revealed the diagnosis of PCMC, and the patient underwent re-excision of the tumor site with an additional 3-mm margin from the initial scar. Histologic study of this second margin was free of any malignant cells. The patient experienced no postoperative complication or recurrence after 2 years. In our case, the skin lesion had benign morphologic findings and was strongly suspected to be a benign mass. Physicians should be aware of this tumor and be able to differentiate it from benign cystic or solid eyelid lesions.

Long-term results of oncoplastic breast surgery with latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction: a pilot study of the objective cosmetic results and patient reported outcome

PURPOSE: The goal of oncoplastic breast surgery is to restore the appearance of the breast and improve patient satisfaction. Thus, the assessment of cosmetic results and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) using appropriately constructed and validated instruments is essential. The aim of the present study was to assess the long-term objective cosmetic results and corresponding PROs after oncoplastic breast surgery. METHODS: Cosmetic results were assessed by the patients, a medical panel, and a computer program (BCCT.core). PROs were assessed using BREAST-Q, a questionnaire that measures the perception of patients having breast surgery. The cosmetic results and PROs were analyzed in patients who underwent quadrantectomy and partial breast reconstruction utilizing the latissimus dorsi flap. RESULTS: The mean duration of the follow-up period was 91.6 months (range, 33.3-171.0 months), and mean age of the patients was 51 years old (range, 33-72 years). The mean tumor size was 2.1 cm (range, 0.9-5.5 cm). There was fair agreement between the medical panel and BCCT.core score (K = 0.32, P < 0.001), and a statistically significant correlation between the BCCT.core score and medical panel cosmetic results was identified (r = 0.606, P < 0.001). A better BCCT.core result was related to a higher PRO of each BREAST-Q domain-satisfaction with breasts (R2 = 0.070, P = 0.039), satisfaction with outcome (R2 = 0.087, P = 0.021), psychosocial well-being (R2 = 0.085, P = 0.023), sexual well-being (R2 = 0.082, P = 0.029), and satisfaction with information (R2 = 0.064, P = 0.049). CONCLUSION: Our long-term results of oncoplastic surgery achieved a high level of patient satisfaction with good cosmetic results. The medical panel and BCCT.core results correlated well with the PROs of the patients using valid, reliable, and procedure-specific measures.

Expression of AKR1C3 Protein in Human Keloid Skin Tissue

BACKGROUND: Keloids are abnormal wound responses that are caused by hyperproliferative growth of connective tissue during the healing process. Recent research findings introduced the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the process of keloid formation. ROS induces oxidative stress and promotes the activities of oxidative damage-inducible genes. Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) prevents destructive ROS toxicity by detoxification of reactive carbonyl species. Thus, this study aimed to compare the expression of AKR1C3 in both normal and keloid skin in vivo. METHODS: Six specimens of normal skin and six specimens of keloid tissues from human subjects were used to evaluate the expression of AKR1C3 by immunofluorescent staining of tissues and western blotting. RESULTS: By western blotting, it was confirmed that the amount of AKR1C3 protein is significantly reduced in keloid tissues compared to normal tissues. Weak expression of AKR1C3 was also found in keloid tissues by immunofluorescent staining. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that the expression of AKR1C3 protein participates in ROS metabolism and plays a part in the downregulation of human keloid formation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that reveals that AKR1C3 can affect the formation of keloids.

Perioperative considerations for patient safety in cosmetic surgery

Maintaining patient safety in and outside the operating room is a major concern of plastic surgeons. Circumventing preventable complications is essential, as public acknowledgement and interest in the complications of cosmetic surgery rises. The plastic surgery patient is generally considered a safe candidate for surgery, but his or her health may have masked problems, and generally superficial surgery can still be subject to the common risks of surgery. Patient education and information on the procedure and the risks, benefits, and alternatives can help avoid surprise and confusion if a complication does occur. Peer-review systems in the form of weekly or monthly morbidity reporting conferences can help identify practice patterns that increase risks and can ultimately improve patient safety. After reviewing a patient's medical history, doing a thorough physical examination and review of systems, and pertinent laboratory or radiographic testing, the physician should select the patient's appropriate classification from the anesthesiologist's physical rating. Preparation and consideration for the common risks of plastic surgery should help to improve perioperative safety.

Elevated Aurora Kinase A Protein Expression in Diabetic Skin Tissue

BACKGROUND: Aurora kinase A (Aurora-A) plays an important role in the regulation of mitosis and cytokinesis. Dysregulated Aurora-A leads to mitotic faults and results in pathological conditions. No studies on Aurora-A expression in human diabetic skin tissue have been reported. In light of this, we explored the expression of Aurora-A in human diabetic skin tissue. METHODS: Aurora-A protein was evaluated by western blotting in 6 human diabetic skin tissue and 6 normal skin specimens. RESULTS: Increased expression of Aurora-A protein was detected in all diabetic skin tissue samples in both western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. However, in the case of the normal skin tissue, no bands of Aurora-A protein were detected in either the western blotting analysis or the immunohistochemical staining. CONCLUSIONS: Thus far, there have been no studies on the expression of Aurora-A in diabetic skin tissue. However, we believe that oxidative DNA damage related to the expression of Aurora-A protein and Aurora-A could be involved inhuman diabetic skin tissue.

A Recurrent Giant Pilomatricoma on the Back

No abstract available.

Multiple Skin Cancers Following Psoralen and Ultraviolet A Treatment of Psoriasis

No abstract available.