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Background@#Recent studies have indicated that vitamin D deficiency is associated with diabetes and hypertension in adults. However, this association has not been sufficiently studied in cases of prediabetes and prehypertension. Thus, this study aimed to clarify the relationship between vitamin D levels and prediabetes and prehypertension in Korean adults. @*Methods@#Data from 1,808 adults aged ≥19 years who participated in the 2013–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in this study. The odds ratio of prediabetes and prehypertension according to the 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) status was calculated using multivariable logistic regression analysis. @*Results@#Mean serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly different among females with normal glucose levels, prediabetes, and diabetes mellitus. Further, the mean levels were not significantly different in both males and females of all ages with normal blood pressure, prehypertension, and hypertension. In addition, logistic regression analysis showed that serum 25(OH)D levels were not significantly associated with the odds ratio of prediabetes and prehypertension after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, calcium supplement intake, income, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose. @*Conclusion@#Serum vitamin D status was not independently associated with the risks of prediabetes and prehypertension in Korean adults.
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Background@#Recent evidence has reported the relationships between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) insufficiency and chronic diseases. This study examined the association of physical activity and sitting time with vitamin D status. @*Methods@#This study analyzed the data of 1,598 adults aged ≥19 who participated in the 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Vitamin D insufficiency was defined as a serum 25(OH)D level of ≤20 ng/mL. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of vitamin D insufficiency according to physical activity and sitting time were calculated using a multivariable logistic regression analysis. @*Results@#The mean levels of serum 25(OH)D were 16.5 ng/mL in males and 15.2 ng/mL in females, respectively and was significantly higher in the participants with sitting times of <5 hours/day than those with sitting times of ≥5 hours/day. After adjusting for confounding variables, sitting time of <5 hours/day was associated with decreased odds of vitamin D insufficiency as compared with sitting time of ≥5 hours/day in the total participants and females. In addition, the odds ratio for vitamin D insufficiency was significantly lower in the group with sitting times of <5 hours/ day than in the group with sitting times of ≥5 hours/day even among people with low physical activity in the total participants and females. @*Conclusion@#Serum 25(OH)D level was insufficient in the Korean adults and shorter sitting time was related to lower odds ratio of vitamin D insufficiency. Our findings suggest that sitting time is an independent factor of serum vitamin D status.
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BACKGROUND: V. parahaemolyticus, an important seafood-borne pathogen, is the causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of the thermostable hemolysin (tdh) gene and the tdh-related hemolysin (trh) gene were investigated, and as many as 72 different O:K serovar combinations were determined from diarrheal patients and environmental sources in Gyeongbuk provinceas during the 2000-2001. METHODS: A total of 50 strains of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from diarrheal patients and environmental sources were analyzed for the tdh gene and trh gene. The strains were analyzed for kanagawa phenomenon (KP) with the wagatsuma blood agar medium test. Furthermore, the strains belonging to O and K serotypes were determined. DNA sequence determination of the tdh gene were verified using GenBank and analyzed. RESULTS: In the KP experiments of V. parahaemolyticus, 80% of the strains isolated from diarrheal patients showed positive, but all of the strains isolated from environment sources were negative The distribution of O and K serotypes were O3:K29, O3:K6, and O3:K31, atc. isolated from diarrheal patients, and O2:K28, O3:K29, and 04:K34 atc. isolated from environmental sources. As for the tdh and trh gene of V. parahaemolyticus, the tdh gene was detected from 88.0% of diarrheal patients and 16.0% of environmental sources. The trh gene was not detected from diarrheal patients and 8.0 % of environmental sources, whereas all urease positive strains possessed the trh gene. The DNA sequence of tdh gene were verified using GenBank and analyzed the difference, tdh nucleotide sequence was found among the V. parahaemolyticus. CONCLUSION: V. parahaemolyticus is distributed with high frequency in the environmental sources such as sea water, fishes and shellfishes sampled at the Gyeongbuk coastal area, and the O3:K6 strains producing TDH were confirmed, which is prevalent throughout the world, from diarrheal patients. Thus, it is very important to establish a measure to prevent food poisoning by V. parahaemolyticus.
Subject(s)
Humans , Agar , Base Sequence , Databases, Nucleic Acid , Fishes , Foodborne Diseases , Gastroenteritis , Seawater , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Shellfish , Urease , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Vibrio , Virulence Factors , VirulenceABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: V. parahaemolyticus, an important seafood-borne pathogen, is the causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of the thermostable hemolysin (tdh) gene and the tdh-related hemolysin (trh) gene were investigated, and as many as 72 different O:K serovar combinations were determined from diarrheal patients and environmental sources in Gyeongbuk provinceas during the 2000-2001. METHODS: A total of 50 strains of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from diarrheal patients and environmental sources were analyzed for the tdh gene and trh gene. The strains were analyzed for kanagawa phenomenon (KP) with the wagatsuma blood agar medium test. Furthermore, the strains belonging to O and K serotypes were determined. DNA sequence determination of the tdh gene were verified using GenBank and analyzed. RESULTS: In the KP experiments of V. parahaemolyticus, 80% of the strains isolated from diarrheal patients showed positive, but all of the strains isolated from environment sources were negative The distribution of O and K serotypes were O3:K29, O3:K6, and O3:K31, atc. isolated from diarrheal patients, and O2:K28, O3:K29, and 04:K34 atc. isolated from environmental sources. As for the tdh and trh gene of V. parahaemolyticus, the tdh gene was detected from 88.0% of diarrheal patients and 16.0% of environmental sources. The trh gene was not detected from diarrheal patients and 8.0 % of environmental sources, whereas all urease positive strains possessed the trh gene. The DNA sequence of tdh gene were verified using GenBank and analyzed the difference, tdh nucleotide sequence was found among the V. parahaemolyticus. CONCLUSION: V. parahaemolyticus is distributed with high frequency in the environmental sources such as sea water, fishes and shellfishes sampled at the Gyeongbuk coastal area, and the O3:K6 strains producing TDH were confirmed, which is prevalent throughout the world, from diarrheal patients. Thus, it is very important to establish a measure to prevent food poisoning by V. parahaemolyticus.
Subject(s)
Humans , Agar , Base Sequence , Databases, Nucleic Acid , Fishes , Foodborne Diseases , Gastroenteritis , Seawater , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Shellfish , Urease , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Vibrio , Virulence Factors , VirulenceABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Salmonella infections continue to cause gastrointestinal and systemic diseases throughout the world. S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were traditionally known as typical food poisoning Salmonella agents, the isolation rate of which has been increased recently in Korea. S. Typhimurium phage type DT104 has become an important emerging pathogen. Isolates of this phage type often possess resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline (ACSSuT resistance). The mechanism by which DT104 has accumulated resistance genes is of interest, since these genes interfere with treatment of DT104 infections and might be horizontally transferred to other bacteria, even to unrelated organisms. METHODS: All the isolates included in this study were identified as S. enterica serovar Typhimurium according to the Kauffmann-White serotyping scheme and were definitive phage type DT104 according to the phage typing scheme described by Anderson, et al. A total of 63 isolates of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 were characterized by antimicrobial resistance analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with the restriction enzyme XbaI. RESULTS: Four hundred ninety six S. Typhimurium isolates were divided into 28 different phage types and DT104 was the second most common phage type in Korea. A total of 63 S. Typhimurium DT104 isolates were grouped into 7 resistance phenotypes. Fourty one (65.1%) isolates were resistant to the ACSSuTTic core alone or to additional drugs as well except twenty two (33.9%) isolates were resistant to the ASSuTeTic. Four PFGE subtypes A1, A2, B1, and B2 were observed among DT104 isolates and type A1 was prevalent. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded two distinct clones were present among Korea multidrug resistant S. enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104 and multidrug resistant S. Typhimurium phage type DT104 has been an important emerging pathogen in Korea.
Subject(s)
Ampicillin , Bacteria , Bacteriophage Typing , Bacteriophages , Chloramphenicol , Clone Cells , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Foodborne Diseases , Korea , Phenotype , Salmonella enterica , Salmonella Infections , Salmonella , Serotyping , Streptomycin , Sulfonamides , TetracyclineABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To describe the normal sonographic anatomy of the submandibular duct and to assess the value of sonography in the diagnosis of sialolithiasis of the submandibular gland. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using continuous injection of saline via a sialography needle, we evaluated the normal sonographic anatomy of the submandibular duct in healthy volunteers (n=5). We also reviewed sonographic findings in 47 patients with (n=29) or without (n=18) stones. In each case, the presence or absence of stone was proved by sialography or surgery. RESULTS: In control subjects, sonography accurately depicted the ductal anatomy of the submandibular glands and its relationship with adjacent tissues. For the detection of stones, sonography had a sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 91%. For ductal dilatation, its sensitivity was 91%, its specificity, 100%, and its accuracy, 94%. In 68% of cases with stones, a circumferential low echoic rim surrounding the stone ("rim sign") was present on sonogram. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound is a useful procedure and could replace sialography in most patients with sialolithiasis of the submandibular gland.