ABSTRACT
Purpose@#To compare the corneal topographic change before and after botulinum toxin A injection in patients with essential blepharospasm. @*Methods@#From September 2015 to December 2020, we enrolled total 20 patients, 40 eyes diagnosed with essential blepharospasm. We estimated the corneal refractive power and astigmatism before and after Nabota® (Daewoong Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea) botulinum toxin injection at 1 and 3 months using iTrace® Topography (Software version 4.2.1., Tracey technology Inc., Houston, TX, USA). Corneal refractive power was analyzed in superior, inferior, nasal and temporal location at 1 mm, 3 mm zone. Also, steep and flat keratometry, astigmatism was measured by topography. @*Results@#Corneal refractive power showed significant difference in superior and inferior location of 1 mm zone at 1 month after botulinum toxin injection (p = 0.038, p = 0.042). There was no significant difference in all four locations of 3 mm zone. At 1 month after toxin injection, steep keratometry was only significant reduced (p = 0.046) and with-the-rule astigmatism was shifted to against-the-rule astigmatism. At 3 months after toxin injection, keratometry and astigmatism was resolved to before toxin injection. @*Conclusions@#At 1 month after Nabota® (Daewoong Co. Ltd) botulinum toxin injection, corneal refractive power at vertical axis was flattened and steep keratometry was significantly reduced. At 3 months after toxin injection, corneal topographic change was changed to before toxin injection.
ABSTRACT
Backgrounds: Evaluating quality of life (QoL) in people with dementia has become increasingly valued, especially in assessing the effectiveness of interventions or making treatment decisions. However, limited information exists regarding dementia patients' QoL in Korea. The aim of our investigation was to determine if the severity of dementia could affect the QoL of patients with dementia and the relationship between QoL score and the scores of other cognitive domains, especially, the attention. METHODS: Two hundred and sixty eight subjects with varying degree of cognitive dysfunction underwent assessment of Korean-Mini Mental Status Examination (K-MMSE), digit span, trail making test (TMT), Korean-Instrumental Activity Daily Living (K-IADL), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), attention and their QoL using standardized neuropsychological tests and questionnaires. We administered the QoL in Alzheimer's disease (QoL-AD) scale and attention questionnaire to the subjects. RESULTS: QoL-AD score had a positive correlation with K-MMSE score (r=0.38, p<0.0001) while it showed a negative correlation with GDS (r=-0.62 p<0.0001). QoL-AD score also showed a significant correlation with attention status of the patients with dementia (r=0.48, p<0.0001). QoL-AD score for patient appeared to be affected by educational factors. CONCLUSIONS: QoL-AD may be used as an effective tool to assess QoL as well as cognitive functions of patients with varying degree of dementia.