Cafeteria diet increases liquid intake and serum creatinine levels in rats

Introduction: Important changes in human dietary pattern occurred in recent decades. Increased intake of processed foods leads to obesity, which is related with the development of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, as well as cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases. The prevalence of hypertension has also dramatically increased in recent years, and high sodium intake contributes to this scenario. In healthy individuals, kidneys are the primary end-organs that regulate sodium homeostasis. This study aims to evaluate renal function parameters and systolic blood pressure measurements in an animal model of obesity. Methods: Sixty-day-old male Wistar rats (n=30) were divided into two groups: standard (SD) and cafeteria diet (CD). Cafeteria diet was altered daily and was composed by crackers, wafers, sausages, chips, condensed milk, and soda. All animals had free access to water and chow and the experiment was carried out for 6 weeks. Weight gain, sodium and liquid intake control, systolic blood pressure measurements, and renal function parameters were evaluated. Results: Animals exposed to cafeteria diet had an increase of 18% in weight compared to the control group. Sodium intake was increased by cafeteria diet and time (F(1,28)=773.666, P=0.001 and F(5,28)=2.859, P=0.02, respectively) and by the interaction of both factors (F(6,28)=2.859, P=0.02). On liquid intake occurred only effect of cafeteria diet and time (F(1,28)=147.04, P=0.001 and F(5,28)=3.996, P=0.003, respectively). Cafeteria diet exposure also induced an increase on creatinine serum levels (P=0.002), however this effect was not observed on creatinine urine levels (P>0.05) nor on systolic pressure measurements (Students' t test, P>0.05). Conclusions: Obesity induced by cafeteria diet exposure increases liquid intake and alters creatinine serum levels, an important renal function marker. Considering the high consumption of hypercaloric food currently in the world, further studies are required to elucidate the modifications on renal function triggered by this diet over time (AU)

Soft drink consumption reduces food intake in Wistar rats / Consumo de refrigerante reduz a ingestão de alimentos em ratos Wistar

AIMS: To evaluate the effect of caloric and non-caloric soft drink intake on food consumption, body weight and composition, and metabolic parameters in rats. METHODS: Controlled experimental study in which 30 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups and given food and beverage ad libitum during 17 weeks. The groups were as follows, according to the offered food: Control group ­ standard chow and water; Caloric soft drink group ­ standard chow, caloric soft drink, and water; and Non-caloric soft drink group ­ standard chow, non-caloric soft drink, and water. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in total energy intake, body weight, and fat deposition between groups. However, the chow energy intake was 45% lower in the caloric soft drink group compared to the control and non-caloric soft drink groups (198.7±0.7 kJ vs. 349.4±2.0 and 373.0±1.3 kJ, respectively), with 46% of the energy provided by the soft drink. The caloric soft drink group consumed 22% more carbohydrate, especially sucrose, compared to the control group (p<0.05). Macronutrient intake was not different between the control and non-caloric soft drink groups, but the caloric soft drink group consumed less protein and lipids when compared to the other groups (3.5±1.0 g of protein vs. 6.2±0.1 and 6.7±0.1 g, respectively; 0.7±0.01 g of lipids vs. 1.3±0.02 g and 1.4±0.02 g, respectively). Consumption of non-caloric soft drinks increased total sodium intake and consumption of both soft drinks decreased water intake. Although body weight varied during the experiment, there was no significant difference between groups at the end of the experiment, and no difference in fat deposition, fasting glucose, insulin and leptin, insulin resistance index, and lipid profile. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of both types of soft drinks did not affect energy intake, body weight and composition, or metabolic parameters; however, it increased fluid intake and decreased water ingestion. Caloric soft drink intake influenced the amount and the quality of solid food consumed, compromising diet quality.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o efeito do consumo de refrigerante calórico e não calórico sobre a ingestão alimentar, composição corporal, massa corporal e parâmetros metabólicos em ratos. MÉTODOS: Estudo experimental com grupo controle. Trinta ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em três grupos e receberam alimentos e bebidas ad libitum. Os grupos foram os seguintes, conforme o alimento oferecido: Grupo controle ­ ração padrão e água; Grupo refrigerante calórico ­ ração padrão, refrigerante calórico e água; e Grupo refrigerante não calórico ­ ração padrão, refrigerante não calórico e água. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatística na ingestão total de energia, peso corporal e depósito adiposo entre os grupos. Entretanto, a ingestão de energia da ração foi 45% menor no Grupo refrigerante calórico comparado ao Grupo controle e ao Grupo refrigerante não calórico (198,7±0,7 kJ vs. 349,4±2,0 kJ e 373,0±1,3 kJ, respectivamente), sendo 46% da energia proveniente do refrigerante. O grupo refrigerante calórico consumiu 22% mais carboidrato, especialmente sacarose, comparado ao Grupo controle (p<0,05). A ingestão de macronutrientes não foi diferente entre o Grupo controle e o Grupo refrigerante não calórico, mas o Grupo refrigerante calórico consumiu menos proteína e lipídios que os outros dois (3,5±1,0 g de proteína vs. 6,2±0,1 e 6,7±0,1 g, respectivamente; 0,7±0,01 g de lipídios vs. 1,3±0,02 g e 1,4±0,02 g, respectivamente). O consumo de refrigerante não calórico aumentou a ingestão total de sódio e o consumo de ambos os refrigerantes diminuiu a ingestão de água. Embora a massa corporal tenha variado durante o experimento, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos ao final do mesmo e, igualmente, não houve diferença no depósito adiposo, glicose, insulina e leptina em jejum, índice de resistência à insulina e perfil lipídico. CONCLUSÕES: A ingestão de ambos os refrigerantes (calórico e não calórico) não afetou a ingestão de energia, composição e massa corporal e parâmetros metabólicos, entretanto aumentou a ingestão de fluidos e diminuiu a de água. A ingestão de refrigerante calórico influenciou a quantidade e qualidade de comida sólida consumida, comprometendo a qualidade da dieta.