ABSTRACT
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the differences of kinetic and kinematic variables in middle-aged women with genu varum and normal knee angle during walking and running
Methods: Eight middle-aged women with genu varum [age: 45.12 +/- 12.74 y, height: 160.62 +/- 5.26 cm, weight: 71.75 +/- 16.38 kg, right tibiofemoral angle: -4 +/- 3.9, left tibiofemoral angle: -5.1 +/- 4.6] and 7 with normal knee [age: 40.71 +/- 11.32 y, height: 157.85 +/- 5.01 cm, weight: 71.71 +/- 14.00 kg, right tibiofemoral angle: 7.2 +/- 2.1, left tibiofemoral angle: 7.8 +/- 1.8] volunteered to participate in this study. We measured knee angle in frontal plane based on anatomical axis of femur and tibia by goniometer. This factor was labeled as tibiofemoral angle
Results: Participants walked a 7-m pathway 6 times with self-selected speed, then they ran the same route 3 times. Independent t tests were used to determine statistical differences. Significance level was P < 0.05. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in walking with self-selected speed regarding knee normalized ground reaction force, in medial-lateral and vertical plane, but this variable was significantly greater in anterior-posterior plane among normal knee group [P < 0.05]. There was also no significant difference in medial-lateral plane in normalized ground reaction force between the groups while they ran. However, this variable in both vertical and anterior-posterior planes was significantly greater in normal knee group [P < 0.05]
Conclusion: The results did not show any difference between the groups in angular velocity of knee joint in sagittal plane during swing phase under two situations. According to the findings, the genu varum in dynamic activities such as walking and running is more related to kinetic variables like ground reaction force. These effects are not limited to the frontal plane, however, this variable in vertical and anterior-posterior planes is significantly lower in genu varum knee angle group
ABSTRACT
To investigate different diagnosis aspects, prescribed drugs and self-medications of migraine in Iran. We selected 210 migraineurs from high school and university students in Kerman, Iran over a period of 6 months in 2002 by multistage randomized screening based on the International Headache Society criteria. We classified them into 2 groups on the basis of whether they had consulted a physician or not. We then evaluated the physician prescriptions, and prevalence of self-medications. Only 49% of migraineurs consulted a physician, and only 53% were correctly diagnosed by physicians according to the International Headache Society criteria. Our study shows that 69% of general practitioners diagnoses were wrong. In spite of indications for prophylactic treatment, it was not prescribed in 76% of the patients, and 50% of the general practitioners prescribed it without any indications. Furthermore, 91% of patients used self-medication; Acetaminophen and Codeine were the most common. General practitioners' misdiagnosis and mismanagement of the migraineurs, and easy access to various drugs in Iran, have led to a high rate of self-medication. Self-medication with Codeine, with regard to its side effects, such as increase of secondary headaches and dependency is the major problem. Consequently, medical education systems, physician reevaluating methods, and the concept of self-medication among patients have to be revised
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Migraine Disorders/drug therapy , Self Medication , Drug Prescriptions , Students , PrevalenceABSTRACT
To investigate different diagnosis aspects, prescribed drugs and self-medications of migraine in Iran. We selected 210 migraineurs from high school and university students in Kerman, Iran over a period of 6 months in 2002 by multistage randomized screening based on the International Headache Society criteria. We classified them into 2 groups on the basis of whether they had consulted a physician or not. We then evaluated the physician prescriptions, and prevalence of self-medications. Only 49% of migraineurs consulted a physician, and only 53% were correctly diagnosed by physicians according to the International Headache Society criteria. Our study shows that 69% of general practitioners diagnoses were wrong. In spite of indications for prophylactic treatment, it was not prescribed in 76% of the patients, and 50% of the general practitioners prescribed it without any indications. Furthermore, 91% of patients used self-medication; Acetaminophen and Codeine were the most common. General practitioners' misdiagnosis and mismanagement of the migraineurs, and easy access to various drugs in Iran, have led to a high rate of self-medication. Self-medication with Codeine, with regard to its side effects, such as increase of secondary headaches and dependency is the major problem. Consequently, medical education systems, physician reevaluating methods, and the concept of self-medication among patients have to be revised