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Introduction: Ethambutol (EMB) is one of the first-line antituberculosis drugs that reported to cause toxic effects on the eye structure. This study aims to elucidate the histological mechanism of retinal and optic nerve damage in toxic optic neuropathy cases.Reference Sources: The literature search was conducted in the PUBMED and MEDLINE databases using the latest publication of the 2012-2022 series.Studies Selection: The observational and randomized controlled trial studies analyzing the effect of ethambutol on retinal nerve fiber layer, retinal ganglion layer, inner cell plexiform layer thickness, optic nerve tissue, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), color perception, visual evoked response, and patients' visual field were included.Data Extraction Method: Articles that met the inclusion criteria underwent a specific evaluation, whereby the main focus was the ethambutol on retinal and optic nerve tissue.Results: The results showed that ethambutol affects the thinning of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL), decreasing the amount of Ganglion Cells and changing the optic nerve's histological function by damaging the mitochondria and axonal fiber.Conclusion: It was concluded that ethambutol has adverse effects on retinal and optic nerve tissue due to several mechanisms and significantly affects the patient's visual outcome.
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Aims: Image-guided systems are the gold standard for determining toric intraocular lens (IOL) axis alignment. However, their high cost prevents widespread use of these systems. As an alternative, a simpler and affordable method could be performed manually using a slit-lamp biomicroscope. This study aims to compare the accuracy of manual toric IOL axis marking using a slit-lamp compared to the CALLISTO eye image-guided system.Study Design: Prospective comparativeMethods: In this prospective study, toric IOL axis alignment of 42 eyes with cataract and coexisting corneal astigmatism were evaluated using manual slitlamp method and CALLISTO eye image-guided method. Preoperative and postoperative uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, amount of spherical and astigmatic refractive errors, and postoperative IOL axis alignment were evaluated. Intraclass correlation of the manual method was calculated and the difference of IOL axis alignment to the image-guided method was compared.Results: Toric IOL implantation reduced the amount of astigmatic refractive error from -1.63 � 0.65 D to -0.50 � 0.19 D in the image-guided group and from -1.93 � -0.90 D to -0.87 � 0.26 D in the manual slitlamp group. As many as 90.5% of eyes in the image-guided group and 81.0% of eyes in the manual slitlamp group reached the target induced astigmatism (p=0.38). Manual axis marking showed intraclass correlation of 99.3%. However, when the manual method was compared to the image-guided method a mean difference in axis alignment of 10.98o (95% confidence interval: 9.32o - 12.63o) was observed.Conclusions: Alignment of toric IOL axis using the manual method demonstrated a consistent result; yet producing a considerable difference to the result of the image-guided method.
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Antifungal activity of the oils extracts of Citrullus colocynthis L., Linum usitatissimum L., Nigella sativa L. collected from Bechar Department in the region of (Algeria) has been evaluated in this present study. Two methods were used in this investigation: radial growth on solid medium and biomass on liquid medium. The oils extracts were obtained by Soxhlet extraction of the seeds part. The values of physicochemical indices of our oils such as acid, acidity and peroxide were also determined. The results of the antifungal potency revealed that the seeds oils exhibited different degrees of inhibition against Aspergillus flavus MTTC 2799. However, evaluation of radial growth on Potatoes Dextrose Agar (PDA) solid medium showed slight mycelial growth proportional to oil concentration added to the medium. Antifungal indices investigation allowed as to put our oils in the order of effectiveness: L. usitatissimum (29%) > C. colocynthis (26.5 %) > N. sativa (18.75 %). Evaluation of Aspergillus flavus biomass production on Potatoes Dextrose Broth (PDB) on liquid medium revealed that the studied oils produced a variable weight reduction (C. colocynthis and L. usitatissimum at concentration superior to (80μl/ml). On the contrary, N. sativa oil reduced Aspergillus flavus biomass at concentrations of 80μl/ml and 100μl/ml.
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Public health experts and medical professionals continue to issue warnings to people about the dangers of ultraviolet (UV) radiation fromthe sun, tanning beds, and sun lamps. Skin cancer is more common than any other type of cancer and exposure to sun is known to contribute to all three major types, namely, basal-cell carcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma and cutaneous melanoma. While skin cancer has been associated with sunburn, moderate tanning may also exert an influence. Seven steps to safer sunning are avoiding the sun, using a sunscreen, wearing a hat, wearing sunglasses, covering up, avoiding artificial tanning, and checking skin regularly. The present study was performed to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and risk factors of individuals concerning skin cancer. A descriptive survey was conducted among 475 patients randomly selected from the Dermatology Polyclinic of Ege University. A self-administered questionnaire was used to investigate their knowledge about skin cancer. A total of 297 female and 178 male participants were questioned, with a mean age of 32.48 +15.12. Some 36.8% had skin type II and 39.8% type III. The most common hair and eye color were brown, respectively at 56.0% and 58.7%. 79.8% had a mole(s), 19.2% had birthmark. A total of 8 of the 475 participants consulted for sunburns (1.7%). Glasses were the most popular preventive behaviour (28.8%). A total of 56 of the 475 outpatients questioned did not use any protective measure. Individuals need to be better educated on the dangers of the sun and sun protection as well as skin cancer.