ABSTRACT
Background: India is currently in the grip of an explosive epidemic of type 2 diabetes. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that by 2030, 8.4% of the adult population will have diabetes in India, which already is the world’s diabetes capital. Indian diabetic risk score (IDRS) is a cost effective and simple method for mass screening at community level. The objective of the study was to find out the prevalence of risk factors of diabetes among rural adults of Amdanga, West Bengal and to study the socio-demographic correlates of higher risk.Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional study was carried out in Amdanga, North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal from 1st August 2019 to 30 th September 2019 among 104 adult population on risk status for type 2 diabetes mellitus using IDRS. Interview was conducted using pre-designed semi-structured questionnaire followed by anthropometric measurement. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16.0 version.Results: Out of 104 study subjects, 9.6% study subjects were not at risk of having diabetes, 45.2% were at moderate risk and 45.2% were at high risk of having diabetes. Marital status, hypertension, outside food intake, exercise and strenuous activity were significantly associated with the risk of diabetes.Conclusions: Majority of the adult population were at moderate and high risk of developing type 2 diabetes, hence screening is of utmost importance so that interventions can be initiated at an early stage and change of lifestyle should be initiated as soon as possible to delay the occurrence of type 2 diabetes.
ABSTRACT
Background: The Government of India by National Health Policy 2017 has set the target of relative reduction in prevalence of current tobacco use by 15% and 30% by 2020 and 2025 respectively. The Union health ministry had notified to mandatory display new health warnings to be covering 85% of the principal display area on all tobacco products (1 April 2016).Methods: This was an observational descriptive study with cross sectional in design carried out at Baghbazar slum in Kolkata with objective to study the smoking pattern, knowledge about health warning symbols (HWS) on tobacco products among the study population and to assess their motivation to quit and influence of HWS on their motivation. A total 66 smokers were interviewed using predesigned and pre tested questionnaire and analysis done using SPSS version 1.Results: About 83.3% study subjects were presently smoking and they were smoking daily, about 10 cigarette and bidi was smoked daily (median) and median duration without smoking was 1 month. About 63.6% study subjects were highly motivated to quit smoking. Health warning was definitely motivating them to quit smoking (p=0.01) but it was not resulting in actual quitting smoking (p=1.000). The main reason for motivation for quitting smoking was self-health related factor (84.6%).Conclusions: Health warning on cigarette packets increased the awareness about ill effects of smoking and motivated the smokers to quit smoking but not compelling them to quit smoking. Mostly those who were motivated to quit smoking were actually thinking about quitting due to other reasons.
ABSTRACT
The numbers of Pseudomonas sp. isolated were counted in samples collected from water, sludge and intestine of fishes raised in different wastewater ponds along an effluent gradient in a sewage treatment plant. Total fish yield in the last maturation pond increased by 73% over the yield in first maturation pond or facultative pond. The number of Pseudomonas sp. isolated from the intestine of the tilapia (Oreochromis mssambicus) raised in facultative pond, was more than three times the counts (7.22 × 108/g) observed in the last maturation pond (2.025 × 108/g). The effective lethal concentration of cadmium for Pseudomonas sp. isolated from the intestine of the tilapia was 0.6 mM and 0.08-0.09 mM when the fish was procured from facultative pond and last maturation pond, respectively. The Pseudomonas sp. isolated from the intestine of the tilapia did not have resistance to any of the ten antibiotics tested. However, the bacterium isolated from raw sewage, water and sediment of the anaerobic pond was resistant to seven out of ten antibiotics tested.