T11 target structure exerts effector function by activating immune cells in CNS against glioma where cytokine modulation provide favorable microenvironment.

Glycoprotein T 11 target structure (T11TS), derived from sheep erythrocyte membrane, directly interacts with T cells to activate them to enter in the brain. When untreated, glioma exerts an immune-suppressive environment in its vicinity by secreting prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), IL-10, tumor growth factor , gangliosides etc. to dampen the immune attack. But exogenous administration of T11TS reverses the situation to pro-inflammatory immune active state by expressing enhanced IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) production and suppression of IL-4 and IL-10 levels. The T11TS activated lymphocytic accumulation along the capillary endothelium in brain and their penetration in the matrix was evident from histological sections. IL-6 with TNF- facilitates leukocyte migration to glioma site to exert cytotoxic effector function. Brain infiltrated lymphocytes offer cytotoxic proximity to neoplastic glial cells, which lead them to apoptosis. In the Th1 dominated microenvironment microglial cells was found with enhanced phagocytic functions. Initially infiltrated lymphocytes with microglia showed increased production of TNF-, interferon (IFN-) to facilitate their effector actions. Repeated dosing of T11TS shows glioma abrogation in rat model, but also a resurgence of anti-inflammatory cytokine environment found with increased IL-4, IL-10 and decreased IL-12, IL-6, TNF-. This is a unique homeostatic regulation of total immune system after T11TS mediated carnage of glioma. The resultant balance of cytokines between interacting glioma cells, T cells and microglia in T11TS induced condition determines the success of its immunotherapeutic effect in glioma.

The first cross sectional survey on intracranial malignancy in Kolkata, India: reflection of the state of the art in southern West Bengal.

Recent increase in the occurrence of intracranial malignancies and poor performance of therapeutic measures have established the disease as an important concern of medical sciences. The lack of information about the disease pattern throughout India creates problems for maintaining community health for prevention. The present study on the hospital population of Kolkata was conducted to determine the incidence pattern of the disease in the population of southern West Bengal, focusing on distribution with age, sex, occupation and religion in different districts of the region, and characterizing diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Among a total of 39,509 cancer patients from 21 health centers of Kolkata, 2.4% had brain cancers and among these more than 60% are gliomas. A cross-sectional study for a period of 3 years reported the occurrence of 15 types of intracranial malignancy, which demonstrated astrocytomas (36.8%), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) (7.9%) and meningiomas (11.6%) to be predominant. Brain tumors occur more frequently in males with few exceptions and the incidence was found to be highest among the 40-49 year old group (20.2%). No specific trend for religion and occupation was apparent. However, the district wise distribution showed maximum incidences among industrial areas, namely, Kolkata (33.1%), North 24-Parganas (18.2%), Howrah (9.3%) and Hoogly (7.6%). Diagnosis of the disease was by CT scan, MRI and histological identification (pre and post operative). Therapeutic procedures rely mainly on surgery and radiotherapy, whereas chemotherapy was used as an adjuvant for about 10% of the cases. Evaluation of the scenario regarding intracranial malignancy in this region was a long awaited requirement which should ultimately serve an important function in pointing to risk zones within the population and allow better control measures to be introduced for the disease.