ABSTRACT
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine trends in induced abortions in Japan. Methods: The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare compiled data on induced abortions, live births, and the population of women aged 15–49 years. These data were provided by 47 prefectures in Japan and were used to examine the number of induced abortions and various characteristics of women who received abortions from 1955 through 2001. We examined abortion numbers, abortion ratios (number of legal abortions per 1,000 live births) and abortion rates (number of legal abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–49). We were particularly interested in examining abortion trends among adolescents. These trends were also compared to those in the United States. Results: A total of 341,588 legal induced abortions were reported in Japan in 2001, representing a 2.5% increase from 1998 to 2001. From 1998 to 2001, the abortion ratio (292) increased by 5.4%; from 1996 through 2001, the abortion rate (11.8) increased by 8.3%. Women less than 20 years old contributed most to these increases. In 1999, the abortion ratio among Japanese adolescents was 5.7 times as high as the ratio among U.S. adolescents, while the abortion rate among U.S. adolescents was 1.8 times as high as the rate among Japanese adolescents. Conclusions: Recent increases in induced abortion among Japanese women may be related to several factors, including changes in sexual behavior among adolescents and a decline in their use of contraceptives. More appropriate educational efforts and interventions are needed to prevent unintended pregnancies.
Subject(s)
Abortion, Induced , JapanABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>The purpose of this study was to examine trends in induced abortions in Japan.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare compiled data on induced abortions, live births, and the population of women aged 15-49 years. These data were provided by 47 prefectures in Japan and were used to examine the number of induced abortions and various characteristics of women who received abortions from 1955 through 2001. We examined abortion numbers, abortion ratios (number of legal abortions per 1,000 live births), and abortion rates (number of legal abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-49). We were particularly interested in examining abortion trends among adolescents. These trends were also compared to those in the United States.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 341,588 legal induced abortions were reported in Japan in 2001, representing a 2.5% increase from 1998 to 2001. From 1998 to 2001, the abortion ratio (292) increased by 5.4%; from 1996 through 2001, the abortion rate (11.8) increased by 8.3%. Women less than 20 years old contributed most to these increases. In 1999, the abortion ratio among Japanese adolescents was 5.7 times as high as the ratio among U.S. adolescents, while the abortion rate among U.S. adolescents was 1.8 times as high as the rate among Japanese adolescents.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Recent increases in induced abortion among Japanese women may be related to several factors, including changes in sexual behavior among adolescents and a decline in their use of contraceptives. More appropriate educational efforts and interventions are needed to prevent unintended pregnancies.</p>
ABSTRACT
Relations between feelings and salivary IgA secretion were assessed in co-medical students attending a lecture. The assessments were performed twice in two different classes held in December, 1999 and October, 2000 in the same manner, then the data of the two trials were combined and analyzed. On the basis of the impression of the lecture, students were divided into two groups: a group who felt interested and another group who felt indifferent or bored. Saliva samples were taken three times, at the beginning of, at the end of, and 15 minutes after the class, then the secretory IgA in saliva was determined by ELISA. At the end of the class, an increase in salivary IgA secretion was seen in the group who felt interested, while not in the group who felt indifferent or bored. The increasing change in salivary IgA secretion was, however, moderate and transient, namely it increased only by about +30% on average, and returned to the initial level after 15 minutes.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>Several studies have reported that the secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) concentration in saliva is an indicator of psychological stress. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between S-IgA and the stress from academic examinations.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>S-IgA levels in 10 medical student volunteers from the second year course between May 4 and July 13, 2000 were examined using the ELISA method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was a tendency for S-IgA in saliva to be higher on the day before academic examinations and during them, and lower on the days between these examinations.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It may be possible to use this measurement to monitor psychological stress in students and workers.</p>
ABSTRACT
Relations between feelings and salivary IgA secretion were assessed in co-medical students attending a lecture.The assessments were performed twice in two different classes held in December, 1999 and October, 2000 in the same manner, then the data of the two trials were combined and analyzed. On the basis of the impression of the lecture, students were divided into two groups: a group who felt interested and another group who felt indifferent or bored. Saliva samples were taken three times, at the beginning of, at the end of, and 15 minutes after the class, then the secretory IgA in saliva was determined by ELISA.At the end of the class, an increase in salivary IgA secretion was seen in the group who felt interested, while not in the group who felt indifferent or bored. The increasing change in salivary IgA secretion was, however, moderate and transient, namely it increased only by about +30% on average, and returned to the initial level after 15 minutes.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: Several studies have reported that the secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) concentration in saliva is an indicator of psychological stress. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between S-IgA and the stress from academic examinations. Methods: S-IgA levels in 10 medical student volunteers from the second year course between May 4 and July 13, 2000 were examined using the ELISA method. Results: There was a tendency for S-IgA in saliva to be higher on the day before academic examinations and during them, and lower on the days between these examinations. Conclusions: It may be possible to use this measurement to monitor psychological stress in students and workers.