Nanophthalmos and hemiretinal vein occlusion: a case report

Many risk factors have been linked to retinal vein occlusions [RVOs] whether central or branch retinal vein occlusion. Ocular risk factors include glaucoma and hypermetropia. Controversy exists to whether short axial length is a risk factor for retinal vein occlusions. We report an extreme case that supports the latter hypothesis. A 33-year-old male presented with decreased visual acuity in the left eye. He turned out to have nanophthalmos with hemiretinal vein occlusion and macular edema with unremarkable systemic work up for retinal vein occlusion except for a glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] level of 7%. To our knowledge this is the first case report of hemiretinal vein occlusion in the setting of nanophthalmos and suggests that short axial length may be a risk factor for retinal vein occlusion

Unusual presentation of a multiple sclerosis case involving central retinal artery occlusion

The term intermediate uveitis [IU] refers to a subgroup of uveitis in which the vitreous is the site of greatest inflammation. Patients with multiple sclerosis [MS] have a greater frequency of IU compared with the general population. The IU associated with MS is characterized by the presence of pars planitis [occasionally accompanied by anterior uveitis] and the presence of peripheral retinal vasculitis in the form of periphlebitis [venous sheathing] in 6-26% of patients. We present a patient with an unusual initial presentation of MS involving central retinal artery occlusion [CRAO] in the right eye [RE]. Although retinal vascular changes are asymptomatic in the majority of MS patients, the spectrum of impairment ranges from simple peripheral retina periphlebitis to the presence of peripheral occlusive retinal vasculitis in 6.5% of patients. This atypical case may represent an extreme of the spectrum of retinal vasculitis associated with demyelinating disease

Macular hole in juvenile X-linked retinoschisis

An 18 year-old male with no antecedent of trauma, systemic syndrome or myopia was referred for surgical treatment of a full thickness macular hole in the left eye. A more careful inspection revealed discrete foveal cystic changes in the fellow eye and subtle peripheral depigmented retinal pigment epithelial changes in both eyes. A spectral-domain optical coherence tomography [SD-OCT] scan confirmed, in addition to the full thickness macular hole in the left eye, microcystic spaces in the nuclear layers of both retinae. The diagnosis of X-linked retinoschisis was confirmed with a full field electroretinogram displaying the typical negative ERG. Macular holes are uncommon in the young and those complicating X-linked retinoschisis are rare. This report highlights the importance of investigating the presence of a macular hole in a young patient and illustrates the clinical and SD-OCT clues beyond the foveal center which led to the correct diagnosis of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis.

Idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis: a current review

Idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis [IJFT], also known as parafoveal telangiectasis or idiopathic macular telangiectasia, refers to a heterogeneous group of well-recognized clinical entities characterized by telangiectatic alterations of the juxtafoveolar capillary network of one or both eyes, but which differ in appearance, presumed pathogenesis, and management strategies. Classically, three groups of IJFT are identified. Group I is unilateral easily visible telangiectasis occurring predominantly in males, and causing visual loss as a result of macular edema. Group II, the most common, is bilateral occurring in both middle-aged men and women, and presenting with telangiectasis that is more difficult to detect on biomicroscopy, but with characteristic and diagnostic angiographic and optical coherence tomography features. Vision loss is due to retinal atrophy, not exudation, and subretinal neovascularization is common. Group III is very rare characterized predominantly by progressive obliteration of the perifoveal capillary network, occurring usually in association with a medical or neurologic disease. This paper presents a current review of juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis, reviewing the classification of these entities and focusing primarily on the two most common types encountered in clinical practice, i.e., groups I and II, describing their clinical features, histopathology, natural history, complications, latest results from imaging modalities and functional studies, differential diagnosis, and treatment modalities

Characteristics of optic disc melanocytomas presenting with visual dysfunction

A retrospective review study was designed to describe five cases of optic disc melanocytomas with tumor-related visual impairment. Five patients with optic disc melanocytoma presented with visual complaints to a tertiary eye hospital in Saudi Arabia. Demographic and clinical data were analyzed, including the results of ocular examination, lesion laterality, best-corrected Snellen visual acuity, papillary reflex, visual field testing, color fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography, and ophthalmic ultrasound. Visual dysfunction secondary to optic disc melanocytoma was identified. Case 1 had macular star edema with mild tumor enlargement, Case 2 had optic atrophy, Case 3 had juxtapapillary choroidal neovascular membrane with macular involvement, Case 4 had optic disc swelling with an enlarged blind spot, and Case 5 had a large altitudinal visual field defect. Although melanocytomas of the optic disc tend to have a benign behavior with slow evolution and stable vision, they may adversely affect visual function through a variety of mechanisms