ABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) is a disease caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) that mainly infects CD4 T cells-for example, those of the CD4+CD25hiFOXP3+ [Treg] phenotype-where it inhibits forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) expression and promotes interferon-γ (IFN-γ) expression. However, the role it exerts on regulatory B cells (CD19+CD24hiCD38hi; Breg) is unknown. METHODS: The frequencies of Treg and Breg cells was evaluated and the Th1 profiles were assessed in TSP/HAM patients and healthy control subjects. RESULTS: Low percentages of Breg cells and high production of IFN-γ were observed in patients compared to those in healthy control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The low percentage of Breg cells in patients and the increase in the frequency of Th1 cells suggest an imbalance in the control of the inflammatory response that contributes to the immunopathogenesis of TSP/HAM.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology , Interferon-gamma/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology , Viral Load , B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virologyABSTRACT
El efecto preventivo de la lactancia materna en la adquisición de hábitos orales viciosos de succión y deglución ha sido mencionado por autores en la literatura odontológica. Con el objetivo de profundizar en este tema, se examinó una muestra de 226 niños preescolares de la Gran Caracas. Se aplicó una encuesta a cada madre o representante recopilándose características sociodemográficas, período de amamantamiento y presencia de hábitos orales viciosos. El análisis estadístico se basó en la distribución chi-cuadrado y el modelo logístico. Los resultados mostraron que más de la mitad de los niños fueron amamantados por un período de 6 meses o más (58 por ciento). El riesgo relativo para los niños lactados por un período menor de 6 meses comparados con los niños lactados por 6 meses o más fue de 6 para la presencia de hábitos orales viciosos. Lo anterior muestra el efecto positivo del amamantamiento en la prevención de hábitos orales viciosos de succión y deglución
The importance of breastfeeding in the prevention of oral habits associated with sucking and swallowing has been rising its importance as a problem of investigation. With the objective to deepen in this topic, a sample of 226 children from the Gran Caracas was examined. A survey was made to each mother where demographic characteristics, breastfed period and presence of oral habits were collected. The statistical analyses were based on the chi-square distribution and the logistic regression model. The results showed that more than half of the children were breastfed for 6 months or more (58%). The relative risks for children breastfed for a period of less than 6 months compared with the children breastfed for 6 months or more was 6 for the acquisition of deforming oral habits. The results showed the positive effect of breastfeeding in the prevention of oral habits associated with sucking and swallowing.