ABSTRACT
Breast cancer is a major killer disease for women and men. It can be treated and controlled only if it is detected at its earlier stage. Early detection can be achieved by the help of Computer Aided Detection (CAD) methods. From the detailed study on previous researches, it is found that, there is no system producing 100% accuracy because of one or more reasons. Absence of effective preprocessing is the discussed reason that obstructs the detection accuracy of CAD method. Noise removal and contrast enhancement are the two types of preprocessing. There is no system performs both the preprocessing on mammogram image. This work is an attempt to develop an enhanced preprocessing method for CAD of breast cancer by incorporating suitable noise reduction and contrast enhancement methods in the conventional CAD system. Among the available noise reduction techniques, Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform (FDCT) based UnequiSpaced Fast Fourier Transform (USFFT) has been utilized and the Modified Local Range Modification (MLRM) technique has been utilized for contrast enhancement. Contrast enhancement after noise reduction double enhances the mammogram image and the proposed methods MSE value for the mammogram image mdb072 has been 1.44% reduced when comparing to the LRM method. Reduction in MSE increases the PSNR to 0.16%. Many mammogram images have been tested and the result shows that, increase in contrast, decrease in mean square error and increase in peak signal to noise ratio when comparing to existing methods.
Introdução: O câncer de mama é uma grande doença mortal para mulheres e homens. Ele só pode ser tratado e controlado se for detectado em sua fase inicial. A detecção precoce pode ser alcançada com a ajuda de métodos de detecção assistida por computador (CAD). A partir do estudo detalhado sobre pesquisas anteriores, verifica-se que, não há um sistema com 100% de precisão por causa de uma ou mais razões. A ausência de pré-processamento efetivo é o motivo discutido que obstrui a precisão de detecção do método CAD. A remoção de ruído e o aprimoramento do contraste são os dois tipos de pré-processamento. Não existe um sistema que realize ambos os pré-processamentos na imagem da mamografia. Objetivo: Este trabalho é uma tentativa de desenvolver um método de pré-processamento aprimorado para CAD de câncer de mama, incorporando métodos adequados de redução de ruído e aprimoramento de contraste no sistema de CAD convencional. Métodos: Entre as técnicas de redução de ruído disponíveis, a transformada de curva discreta rápida (FDCT) baseada na transformada rápida de Fourier desigualmente espaçada (USFFT) foi utilizada e a técnica de modificação de faixa local modificada (MLRM) foi utilizada para aprimoramento de contraste. Resultados: o aprimoramento do contraste após a redução do ruído melhora o dobro da imagem da mamografia e os métodos propostos para o valor de MSE para a imagem da mamografia mdb072 foram reduzidas em 1,44% quando comparados ao método LRM. A redução de MSE aumenta o PSNR para 0,16%. Conclusão: muitas imagens de mamografia foram testadas e o resultado mostra que, aumento no contraste, diminuição do erro quadrático médio e aumento da relação pico do sinal/ruído quando comparado aos métodos existentes.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Mammography , Computer-Aided DesignABSTRACT
To assess the antibacterial activities of Coccinia grandis leaf extract on selective bacterial strains under in-vitro conditions. The antibacterial activity was tested against five bacterial strains by agar well diffusion method. The crude extract showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity by inhibiting both the gram positive and gram negative groups. The antibacterial activity of C.grandis leaf extract using solvents such as acetone, ethanol, methanol, aqueous and hexane was evaluated against five bacterial sp. Ethanol leaf extract of C.grandis showed high antibacterial activity against S.aureus, B.cereus, E.coli, K.pneumoniae and S.pyogens. Minimal inhibitory concentration of the leaf extract against each test organism was also studied by observing their growth on Mueller Hinton Agar containing the extract at various incremental levels, equivalent to 31.25μg/ml to 1000μg/ml of the extract. The highest activity was observed in ethanol extracts against S.aureus, E.coli, and K.pneumoniae with an inhibitory concentration below 31.5μg/ml. The significance of the study was conducted to investigate the invitro antibacterial activity of folklore medicinal plant and to evaluate scientific base of their applications.
ABSTRACT
To investigate the protective effect of the leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata (Ap) against ethanol induced liver toxicity in male albino rats. The liver toxicity was induced by the administration of ethanol to the animals at the optimum dosage of 7.9g/kg body wt., orally for 45 days. After induction of liver toxicity the aqueous plant extract of A.p was administered to the animal 250 mg/kg body wt., for 45 days. The liver toxicity and protective effect of the plant extract was assessed by the estimation of liver marker enzymes, antioxidant enzymes and liver histopathological studies. The ethanol induced animals the liver marker enzymes like ALT, AST, ALP and Bilirubin were significantly elevated (P<0.001) when compared to the normal animals. After administration of aqueous extract of A.p the elevated levels of marker enzymes were significantly decreased (P<0.001). The antioxidant enzymes were decreased significantly in ethanol induced animals after administration of plant extract the decreased levels were increased significantly (P<0.001). The aqueous leaf extract of A.paniculata could protect the liver against ethanol induced liver toxicity by possibly reducing the rate of lipid peroxidation and increasing the antioxidant defense mechanism in rats.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: to screen Salmonella typhi in asymptomatic typhoid carriers and to find out drug resistance and ability of the strains to transmit drug resistance to other bacteria. METHODS: Cultural characters, biochemical tests, antibiotic sensitivity test (disc diffusion), agarose gel electrophoresis, and conjugation protocols were done. Thirty five stool samples were collected from the suspected food handlers for the study. RESULTS: Among 35 samples, (17.14%) yielded a positive result. Out of these 4 (20.0%) were women and 2 (13.33%) were men. The isolates were tested with a number of conventional antibiotics viz, amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, co-trimaxazole, rifampicin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin and tetracycline. Five isolates were having the multidrug resistant character. Four (66.66%) multidrug resistant isolates were found to have plasmids, while one (16.66%) multidrug resistant isolate had no plasmid and the chromosome encoded the resistance. Only one strain (16.66%) showed single antibiotic resistance in the study and had no plasmid DNA. The molecular weights of the plasmids were determined and found to be 120 kb.The mechanism of spreading of drug resistance through conjugation process was analyzed. In the conjugation studies, the isolates having R+ factor showed the transfer of drug resistance through conjugation, which was determined by the development of antibiotic resistance in the recipients. CONCLUSION: This study shows that drug resistant strains are able to transfer genes encoding drug resistance.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Carrier State , Conjugation, Genetic , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics , Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Salmonella typhi/drug effects , Typhoid Fever/microbiologyABSTRACT
A study was made on the sources and spread of Salmonella spp at Namakkal District, Tamilnadu, to ascertain positive carriers of the pathogen. Of the 150 samples collected from varied sources, food handlers significantly contributed to the spread of S. typhi, S. paratyphi A and B, the presence of which was ascertained by standard confirmatory tests. It is inferred that a periodic assay of Salmonella spp in food stuff and food handlers can help in the control of food borne disease.