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1.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 35(4): 308-309, dic. 2019.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1092712

ABSTRACT

El trasplante pulmonar representa una opción terapéutica en pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar avanzada que presentan un curso progresivo a pesar de tratamiento médico, mejorando su sobrevida y calidad de vida. Es de vital importancia que el neumólogo conozca cuando referir a un paciente y estar familiarizado con los requisitos necesarios y contraindicaciones para enviar un paciente a un centro de trasplante. La derivación oportuna permite realizar un completo estudio, además de identificar las contraindicaciones y condiciones clínicas susceptibles de modificar y/o corregir antes de un trasplante.


Pulmonary transplantation represents a therapeutic option in patients with advanced pulmonary fibrosis who have a progressive course despite medical treatment, improving their survival and quality of life. It is vital that the pulmonologist knows when to refer a patient and be familiar with the requirements and contraindications. Timely referral grants the necessary time for a complete study, in addition to identifying contraindications and clinical conditions that could be modified and / or corrected before a transplant.


Subject(s)
Humans , Lung Transplantation/methods , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/surgery , Referral and Consultation , Lung Transplantation/standards , Patient Selection
2.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 35(1): 15-21, mar. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1003642

ABSTRACT

Resumen La fibrosis pulmonar es una enfermedad progresiva y de mal pronóstico por lo que el trasplante pulmonar sigue siendo una opción para pacientes bien seleccionados. Objetivo: Evaluar resultados y sobrevida de pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar trasplantados a 8 años de inicio del programa de trasplante. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de trasplantados de pulmón por fibrosis pulmonar desde agosto de 2010 a julio de 2018. Resultados: De un total de 76 trasplantes, un 68,4% han sido en pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar. La principal indicación fue fibrosis pulmonar idiopática (75%). El puntaje de priorización pulmonar (LAS) promedio fue de 53 y un 32% cumplía con criterios de urgencia. La edad promedio fue 55 años, y se usó técnica unipulmonar en un 98%. La principal complicación quirúrgica fue la estenosis bronquial (7,6%). De las complicaciones médicas precoces destacaron 26 episodios infecciosos y 6 rechazos celulares agudos. La principal complicación tardía fue la disfunción crónica de injerto. Los resultados funcionales promedio pre trasplante, a 1 y 3 años fueron: CVF de 49%, 71% y 70% del valor teórico. Un 40% ha fallecido en el período de seguimiento. La principal causa de mortalidad el primer año post trasplante fueron las infecciones. La sobrevida a 1, 3 y 5 años fue de 86,2%, 65,2% y 59,8% respectivamente. Conclusiones: En trasplante monopulmonar es una opción de tratamiento en estos pacientes, con una sobrevida de 59% a 5 años. Un tercio se trasplanta con criterios de urgencia, siendo las infecciones la principal complicación precoz y la disfunción crónica de injerto la complicación tardía más frecuente.


Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive disease with a bad prognosis. This situation makes rise lung transplant as a therapeutic option among carefully selected patients. Objective: Evaluate the results and survival rates of patients with pulmonary fibrosis that were transplanted through an 8 years period of follow-up, from the beginning of our transplant program. Methods: Descriptive study of the transplanted patients diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis from august 2010 to july 2018. Results: Out of 76 transplants, 68.4% were due to pulmonary fibrosis, among these, the main diagnosis was idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (75%). The average lung allocation score (LAS) was 53 and 32% of them had urgency criteria. Patients ' age averaged 55 years-old and 98% of them underwent a single lung transplant. Early medical complications were seen in 26 patients with infectious episodes and 6 with acute rejection. The main late complication was chronic allograft dysfunction. The main surgical complication was bronchial stenosis (7.6%). In comparison to its base line reference values FVC means pre transplant and 1 and 3 years post-transplant were 49%, 70% and 71% respectively. A 40% of patients died during follow up period. Infections were the main cause of mortality during the first year. Survival rates at 1st 3rd and 5th year were 86,2%; 65.2% and 59.8% respectively. Conclusions: Single lung transplant is a therapeutic option for patients with interstitial lung disease with a 59% survival rate in 5 years, 1/3 fulfilled urgency criteria at the transplant time. The infections were the main early complication and chronic graft dysfunction was the main late complication.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Lung Transplantation/statistics & numerical data , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/surgery , Postoperative Complications , Survival Analysis , Chile , Vital Capacity/physiology , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Follow-Up Studies , Lung Transplantation/mortality , Treatment Outcome , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/physiopathology
3.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 32(1): 13-17, mar. 2016. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-784857

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The presence ofpulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with pulmonary fibrosis is a predictor of severity andpoor survival in patients awaiting lung transplantation. Little is known about the impact of PH on survival after lung transplantation. Objective: To evaluate the effect of PH in pulmonary fibrosis patient survival after lung transplantation. Methods: Retrospective study ofpatients diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis subjected to lung transplantation at the Instituto Nacional del Tórax during the period of August 2010 to June 2015. Thresholds of > 25 and > 35 mm Hg were chosen for mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAmean) and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAsystolic), respectively as indicators of PH. Results: Out of a total of 63 patients undergoing lung transplantation during the 2010-2015 period, 42 patients were diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis. 35 of these patients had histologic diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and 7 of extrinsic allergic alveolitis in fibrotic stage. Of the total 25 patients with pulmonary fibrosis (60 percent) had PH in the pre-transplant period. A total of 15 patients died during the follow-up. There was no significant difference in survival between patients with and without PH (p = 0.74). Conclusions: Similar to international studies, we observed that the presence of PH in patients with pulmonary fibrosis did not increase risk of death in post-transplant period.


Introducción: La presencia de hipertensión pulmonar (HTP) en pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar es un predictor de gravedad y pobre sobrevida en pacientes en espera de trasplante pulmonar. Poco se sabe del impacto de la HTP en la sobrevida de los pacientes en el período post trasplante. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la HTP en la sobrevida de los pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar sometidos a trasplante pulmonar. Material y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con diagnóstico de fibrosis pulmonar sometidos a trasplante pulmonar en el Instituto Nacional de Tórax durante el período de agosto de 2010 a junio de 2015. Los criterios diagnósticos de hipertensión pulmonar fueron: presión de arteria pulmonar media mayor o igual a 25 mmHg y/o presión sistólica de arteria pulmonar mayor o igual a 35 mmHg. Resultados: De un total de 63 pacientes sometidos a trasplante pulmonar durante el período 2010-2015 en el Hospital del Tórax, 42 pacientes tenían diagnóstico de fibrosis pulmonar. De estos, 35 pacientes tenían diagnóstico histológico de neumonía intersticial usual (UIP) y 7 de alveolitis alérgica extrínseca en etapa fibrótica. Del total de pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar, 25 (60 por ciento) presentaba HTP en el período pre trasplante. Un total de 15 pacientes fallecieron durante el seguimiento. Al comparar la sobrevida post trasplante de pacientes con HTP vs sin HTP no se observó diferencia significativa (p = 0,74). Conclusiones: Al igual que en estudios internacionales, no observamos que la presencia de HTP en pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar aumente el riesgo de muerte en el período post-trasplante.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Pulmonary Fibrosis , Lung Transplantation , Hypertension, Pulmonary/epidemiology , Hypertension, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Hypertension, Pulmonary/therapy
4.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 31(4): 189-194, dic. 2015. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-775496

ABSTRACT

Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive disease. Lung transplantation is the only effective therapy for a group of patients. Objective: To evaluate results of lung transplantation for fibrosis up to a 5 years of follow up. Methodology: Retrospective review of clinical records of patients subjected to lung transplantation from Clínica Las Condes and Instituto Nacional del Tórax. Demographic data, type of transplant, baseline and post-transplant spirometry and 6 min walked distance (6MWT), early and late complications and long-term survival rate were analyzed. Results: From 1999 to 2015, 87patients with pulmonary fibrosis were transplanted, in average they were 56 years old, 56% were male, 89% of patients were subjected to a single lung transplant. 16% of them were in urgency. Baseline and 1-3-5 years for FVC were 49-73-83 and 78% of the reference values and for 6MWT were 280, 485, 531 and 468 meters respectively. Predominant complications < 1 year post-transplant were: acute rejection (30%) and infections (42%). Complications after 1 year of transplantation were chronic graft dysfunction (DCI) 57% and neoplasms (15%). The main causes of mortality > 1 year were DCI (45%) and neoplasms (11%). The estimated 1, 3 and 5 year survival rate were 84, 71 and 58% respectively. Conclusions: Lung transplantation in patients with pulmonary fibrosis improves their quality of life and survival rate. The monopulmonary technique is efficient in the long term. Acute rejection and infection were the most common early complications and chronic graft dysfunction was the prevalent long-term complication.


La Fibrosis pulmonar es una enfermedad progresiva y el trasplante constituye una terapia efectiva para un grupo de pacientes. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados del trasplante pulmonar por fibrosis a 5 años. Metodología: Revisión retrospectiva de registros de trasplante pulmonar de la Clínica Las Condes e Instituto Nacional del Tórax. Se analizaron datos demográficos, tipo de trasplante, función pulmonar basal y post-trasplante, complicaciones precoces y tardías y sobrevida a largo plazo. Resultados: Entre 1999 y 2015 ambos centros trasplantaron 87 pacientes por fibrosis pulmonar. Los pacientes tenían una edad promedio de 56 años, 56% eran del género masculino y se usó técnica monopulmonar en 89% de ellos. 16% de los pacientes se encontraba en urgencia. Los resultados espirométricos y la distancia caminada en 6 minutos (T6 min) basales y a 1- 3 - 5 años fueron: CVF 49- 73- 83 y 78% del valor teórico y T6 min fue 280, 485, 531 y 468 metros respectivamente. Complicaciones predominantes < 1 año fueron: rechazo agudo 30% e infecciones 42%. Complicaciones > 1 año fueron: disfunción crónica del injerto (DCI) 57% y neoplasias 15%. Las causas de mortalidad > 1 año fueron DCI 45% y neoplasias 11%. La sobrevida estimada a uno, 3 y 5 años fue 84, 71 y 58% respectivamente. Conclusiones: El trasplante en pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar, permite mejorar la calidad de vida y sobrevida de estos pacientes. La técnica monopulmonar es eficiente a largo plazo. En las complicaciones precoces predominaron el rechazo agudo e infecciones y a largo plazo la DCI.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Lung Transplantation/methods , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/surgery , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/complications , Spirometry , Exercise , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation , Survival Analysis , Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity , Retrospective Studies , Walking , Statistical Data , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/diagnosis
5.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 31(4): 195-200, dic. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-775497

ABSTRACT

Introduction: In Chile, a number of criteria were agreed for emergency lung transplant in order to diminish the mortality of candidates on the waiting list. Objective: To evaluate short-term transplant patients in emergency condition. Methodology: Retrospective analysis of medical records of patients transplanted from January 2012 to July 2015 demographic data, underlying disease, early and late complication, and survival were recorded. Results: Out of 59 patients transplanted in this period, 18 have been in an emergency condition. Underlying pulmonary disease were: pulmonary fibrosis (n = 13), cystic fibrosis (n = 3), bronchiolitis obliterans (1) and pulmonary hypertension (1). The dependence of non invasive mechanical ventilation was the main reason for urgency (89%). 76% required intraoperative extracorporeal support. Survival at 30 days and 12 months was 94 and 87% respectively. Conclusion: Lung transplantation is a short-term emergency procedure with good results in survival.


Introducción: En Chile se consensuaron una serie de criterios de urgencia para trasplante pulmonar con el fin de disminuir la mortalidad de candidatos en lista de espera. Objetivo: Evaluar la sobrevida a corto plazo de pacientes trasplantados en condición de urgencia. Metodología: Análisis retrospectivo de fichas clínicas de pacientes trasplantados desde enero del 2012 a julio del 2015. Se consignó datos demográficos, enfermedad de base, complicaciones precoces, tardías y sobrevida. Resultados: De 59 pacientes trasplantados en este período 18 han sido en urgencia. Enfermedad de base: fibrosis pulmonar (n = 13), fibrosis quística (n = 3), bronquiolitis obliterante (n = 1), hipertensión pulmonar (n = 1). La dependencia de ventilación mecánica no invasiva fue el principal motivo de urgencia (89%). Un 76% requirió de soporte extracorpóreo intraoperatorio. La sobrevida a 30 días y a 12 meses fue de 94 y 87% respectivamente. Conclusión: El trasplante pulmonar en situación de urgencia es un procedimiento con buenos resultados en sobrevida a corto plazo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Lung Transplantation/mortality , Emergencies , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation , Chile , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Survival Rate , Statistical Data , Health Records, Personal , Length of Stay
6.
Rev. Méd. Clín. Condes ; 26(3): 367-375, mayo 2015. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1129134

ABSTRACT

El trasplante pulmonar es considerado en la actualidad el tratamiento de elección para pacientes portadores de una patología pulmonar avanzada, sin compromiso de otro órgano vital y que tengan sobrevida esperada de menos de dos años. Ha presentado una evolución notable en los últimos años mejorando la sobrevida y calidad de vida de los pacientes, lo que ha sido asociado a la mejoría de drogas inmunosupresoras, mejor diagnóstico de situación inmunológica, técnicas de preservación del injerto, protocolos efectivos de profilaxis infecciosa y diagnóstico precoz de las complicaciones. Los desafíos en la actualidad son el déficit de órganos, que lleva aumento de lista de espera por lo que se han desarrollado técnicas de optimización de injertos, la extensión de la edad de los candidatos a trasplante y se mantiene sin grandes modificaciones la disfunción crónica de injerto.


Lung transplantation is currently considered the treatment of choice for patients with advanced lung disease, without involvement of other vital organ and have expected survival of less than two years. In recent years has presented a remarkable development improving survival and quality of life of patients, which has been associated with improvement of immunosuppressive drugs, better diagnosis of immunological state, techniques graft preservation, effective prophylaxis infectious protocols and early diagnosis of medical complications. The challenges today are the shortage of organs, which has increased waiting list so that optimization techniques have been developed graft, the extension of the age of transplant candidates and remains largely unchanged chronic dysfunction graft.


Subject(s)
Humans , Lung Transplantation/methods , Lung Transplantation/trends , Quality of Life , Survival Rate , Cause of Death , Immunosuppression Therapy , Lung Transplantation/adverse effects , Patient Selection , Antibiotic Prophylaxis , Donor Selection , Graft Rejection
7.
Rev. chil. ultrason ; 14(2): 57-62, 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-718939

ABSTRACT

Abnormalities of the brain are among the most frequent congenital malformations and its incidence is probably higher than reported as many of the anomalies are only recognized postnatally. Fetal neurosonography performed transvaginally has become an important imaging technique based on its improved resolution and resulting better sensibility. Nevertheless, there are several maternal and fetal factors that can affect visualization rate and, therefore, it has been recommended that US should be complemented with 3D ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the prenatal evaluation of brain pathology. In the last years, the incorporation of ultrafast MRI has allowed to obtain high-quality images from the fetal lungs and brain. In this collaborative work from 2 public hospitals, we compare the diagnostic performance of fetal neurosonography and MRI in 17 cases of severe fetal brain abnormalities. MRI was able to confirm the diagnosis in 100 percent of the cases, adding important clinical information in 17 percent, although missed diagnoses were documented in 12 percent of them. These results are comparable to other published series, highlighting the diagnostic correlation between the 2 techniques. Nevertheless, ultrasound has the advantages of its wider availability and lower costs than MRI, which make it the prefered imaging modality when a fetal brain malformation is suspected.


Las malformaciones congénitas cerebrales son muy frecuentes y probablemente tengan una incidencia mayor aun a la descrita, pues muchas de ellas solo son reconocidas en la etapa postnatal. La neurosonografía fetal dirigida por vía transvaginal se ha incorporado los últimos años como el estándar de referencia en el diagnostico de estas malformaciones, especialmente por la mayor sensibilidad y una mejor resolución. Aun así, pueden existir condiciones maternas o fetales que obligan a complementar el estudio con otras tecnologías como el ultrasonido 3D y la resonancia magnética (RM). Con la incorporación de secuencias ultrarrápidas, la RM ha permitido obtener imágenes prenatales de calidad diagnostica donde destacan el estudio de malformaciones de tórax y del cerebro fetal. Este trabajo colaborativo de 2 centros públicos compara los resultados diagnósticos entre la neurosonografía y RM en 17 casos de patología neurológica fetal. La RM confirma el 100 por ciento de los diagnósticos, pero además entrega información adicional en un 17 por ciento pero omite información parcial en un 12 por ciento de los casos. Estos resultados son comparables a lo publicado en series extranjeras, destacando la alta correlación diagnostica entre los 2 métodos. Sin embargo, los beneficios que tiene el US en comparación con la RM, como la alta disponibilidad y el bajo costo, aconsejan su uso preferente en nuestro medio.


Subject(s)
Female , Pregnancy , Brain/abnormalities , Fetal Diseases/diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Nervous System Malformations/diagnosis , Prenatal Diagnosis , Brain/pathology , Ultrasonography, Prenatal
8.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol ; 75(3): 207-212, 2010. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-577417

ABSTRACT

Se comunica caso clínico de una madre que consulta en semana 31 de gestación por ausencia de movimientos fetales, y cuyo ultrasonido (US) con escala de grises, Doppler color y tridimensional (3D), demostró imágenes altamente sugerentes de nudo verdadero de cordón umbilical. Se efectuó vigilancia con prueba de movimientos fetales diaria, monitoreo electrónico, hemodinamia fetal y umbilical con doppler, alternados cada tres días, durante siete semanas, demostrando bienestar fetal. Se efectuó operación cesárea cumplida la semana 37 por antecedente de cicatriz uterina previa. El hallazgo intraoperatorio fue una aglutinación de asas del cordón y recién nacido sano. Se discute el diagnóstico falso positivo de nudo por US, el manejo antenatal orientado a la pesquisa oportuna de una eventual oclusión vascular y la experiencia comunicacio-nal con la paciente, que permitió esperar la madurez fetal sin incidentes y con aceptabilidad de la madre, pese al riesgo implícito del diagnóstico presuntivo. Conclusión: En el manejo de alto riesgo se requiere experiencia, apoyo tecnológico y técnicas de comunicación adecuadas con las pacientes, para que una alianza empática permita alcanzar la mayor edad gestacional y la comprensión de un falso positivo.


We report a case of a pregnant woman who presented with absence of fetal movement at the 31st gestational week. The ultrasound (US) images (gray scale, color Dopplerand 3 dimensional) clearly suggested a true knot of the umbilical cord. A close surveillance regime with daily fetal movement test, fetal electronic monitoring and umbilical hemodynamics with Doppler, alternated every three days, was kept for seven weeks, showing fetal wellbeing. At week 37, a cesarean section was performed because of a previous uterine scar. The intraoperative finding confirmed agglutinated and twisted loops, but not a knot of the umbilical cord. The antenatal management is discussed with a close fetal monitoring to detect eventual vascular occlusion in a tight knot and the communication experience with the mother in order to understand and accept a false positive US diagnosis. Conclusion: During a maternal and fetal high risk management is important the professional experience and technological support. On the other hand, the best medical patient communication through an empathetic alliance is required in order to reach a psychological support, longer gestational age and better understanding a false positive test.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Adult , Umbilical Cord , Ultrasonography, Prenatal , Cesarean Section , Umbilical Cord/pathology , False Positive Reactions , Pregnancy Trimester, Third
9.
Rev. chil. ultrason ; 12(1): 18-22, 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-609854

ABSTRACT

Congenital anomalies of the central nervous system (CNS), although relatively frequent, can present prenatally with a wide dysmorphic spectrum. CNS anomalies can be classified into two groups; those in which a neurulation defect occurs during the first weeks of development, widely known as neural tube defects (NTDs), and those affecting lately the development of the brain during the time of neural proliferation, migration or organization. In addition, there are pseudo-cystic lesions affecting the brain parenchyma, which origin can be difficult to establish during examination of the fetal brain. Schizencephaly is a typical example of neural migration disorder and porencephaly is usually secondary to an external insult either caused by an infection, hemorrhage, or trauma. These lesions present several features at ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging that can be used in the differential diagnosis. We review this topic and propose some imaging signs which may help in establishing the prenatal diagnosis.


Las anomalías congénitas que comprometen el Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) son relativamente frecuentes aunque presentan un amplio espectro dismorfico en la etapa fetal. Estas lesiones pueden ser clasificadas en dos grupos, aquellas con defecto de la neurulación que ocurren durante las primeras semanas de la gestación, clásicamente conocidos como defectos del tubo neural (DTN), y las anomalías que comprometen posteriormente el desarrollo del cerebro durante la etapas de proliferación, migración u organización neuronal. Existen sin embargo, lesiones pseudo quísticas del parénquima cerebral que pueden llevar a confusión durante el examen cerebral fetal. La esquizencefalia es un típico ejemplo de defecto de migración neuronal y la porencefalia habitualmente es secundaria a una injuria externa de tipo infecciosa, hemorrágica o traumática. Estas lesiones presentan algunas características típicas al ultrasonido (US) y a la resonancia magnética (RM) que pueden ser considerados criterios para el diagnóstico diferencial prenatal. Se revisa el tema y se proponen algunos signos imagenológicos para clarificar el diagnóstico prenatal.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Brain Diseases/congenital , Brain Diseases/diagnosis , Malformations of Cortical Development/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Central Nervous System Diseases/congenital , Central Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Prenatal Diagnosis , Ultrasonography
10.
Rev. chil. ultrason ; 12(1): 23-29, 2009. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-609855

ABSTRACT

We review our experience with the management and perinatal outcome in three cases of isolated fetal ascites detected prenatally at the San Camilo Hospital, San Felipe, Chile, in a period of seven years. Two cases were confirmed as being the result of meconium peritonitis and the remaining to a Klippel-Feil syndrome. We conclude that the detection of transient isolated fetal ascites warrants a close surveillance of the neonate looking for signs associated with intestinal rupture and non-chromosomal genetic syndromes.


Se presenta nuestra experiencia con el manejo y resultados perinatales de 3 casos de ascitis fetal aislados diagnosticados prenatalmente en el Hospital “San Camilo”, San Felipe, durante un período de 7 años. Dos casos correspondieron a peritonitis meconial y uno a un síndrome de Klippel-Feil. Se concluye que la detección de ascitis fetal aislada, aunque sea transitoria, obliga a realizar una observación acuciosa de la evolución neonatal, ya que puede ser el único indicio prenatal de una perforación intestinal o algún síndrome genético no cromosómico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Adult , Ascites , Fetal Diseases , Ascites/surgery , Ascites/etiology , Fetal Diseases/surgery , Meconium , Peritonitis/complications , Klippel-Feil Syndrome/complications , Ultrasonography, Prenatal
11.
Rev. Méd. Clín. Condes ; 19(3): 226-234, jul. 2008. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-503384

ABSTRACT

En los últimos años, la incorporación del ultrasonido tridimensional (3D) ha tenido un gran impacto en la práctica obstétrica. La visualización de estructuras anatómicas fetales, en especial la cara fetal, ha demostrado tener gran importancia en el apego prenatal. Así mismo, la notable mejoría en la resolución de imágenes de la superficie fetal y el uso de nuevas técnicas 3D de multicorte ha ayudado a una mejor caracterización de la anatomía normal y malformaciones congénitas durante la etapa prenatal. En este capítulo se revisan las principales características del ultrasonido 3D y sus aplicaciones en él cuidado del embarazo normal.


The advent of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound in recent yea has made a great impact in obstetric practice. Visualization of fetal anatomy, especially the fetal face, has demonstrated important in prenatal bonding. From the medical point of view, the better resolution of fetal imaging and the use of new 3D techniques such as multislided views, has certainly helped in a much better characterization of the normal fetal anatomy and the assessment of congenital structural anomalies in uterus. In this chapter we review the main features of 3D ultrasound and its application in antenatal care.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Fetus/anatomy & histology , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Ultrasonography, Prenatal/methods
12.
Rev. Méd. Clín. Condes ; 19(3): 202-210, jul. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-503386

ABSTRACT

Las malformaciones congénitas constituyen la segunda causa de mortalidad infantil en nuestro medio, lo cual significa que nuestro comportamiento en términos de salud pública, es muy similar a los países desarrollados. Hay malformaciones de alto costo médico social en las cuales afortunadamente se puede intervenir eficazmente con medidas de prevención primaria o secundaria. Los defectos del tubo neural son una de ellas y en el mundo curiosamente, no son muchos los países que lo hacen. Afortunadamente, Chile ha tenido una actitud pionera en América con la implementación de un programa de fortificación de harinas que ha significado una disminución cercana al 50 por ciento en las tasas de frecuencia de la enfermedad. Los mecanismos bioquímicos exactos de la prevención no están claramente descritos, pero un papel importante juega el ácido fólico en la síntesis del ADN y en el metabolismo de la metionina/homocisteina, vías metabólicas claves del neuro desarrollo inicial. Lo más importante sin embargo, es que la prevención actúa sólo para aquellos casos típicamente dependientes de la neurulacion primaria y no para todos los defectos cráneo encefálicos.


Congenital anomalies are the second cause of infant mortality in Chile, which is similar to the findings in developed countries. The medical-social burden of some of these malformations is high, but some of them are able to undergo primary or secondary prevention. Neural tube defects are among them and unfortunately, a. global prevention is not the rule. Chile has been one of the pioneer countries with supplementation of folic acid fortification, which has resulted in a reduction in the prevalence of open neural tube defects in about 50 percent. The exact mechanisms involved in the prevention of open neural tube defects are not clear, but an important role has been ascribed to folic acid in the synthesis of DNA and metabolism of metionin-homocistein, key pathways for the early development of the neural tube. An important point is that fortification with folic acid only works in those defects associated with the primary neurulation and not to all cranio-encephalic defects.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Neural Tube Defects/diagnosis , Neural Tube Defects/physiopathology , Neural Tube Defects/metabolism , Prenatal Diagnosis , Folic Acid/metabolism , Anencephaly/etiology , Neural Tube Defects/epidemiology , Spinal Dysraphism/etiology , Homocysteine/metabolism , Methionine/metabolism , Risk Factors
13.
Rev. Méd. Clín. Condes ; 19(3): 185-195, jul. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-503388

ABSTRACT

El hidrops fetal es una seria condición, la que tiene una compleja fisiopatología y se asocia a una variada gama de etiologías y un incierto pronóstico perinatal (mortalidad entre 60-90%). Pese a los avances en el campo de la Medicina Fetal, sólo existe posibilidad terapéutica en no más del 30% de los casos. Es necesario seguir investigando en las bases fisiopatológicas de la enfermedad, así como también estimular el diagnóstico precoz, especialmente de las causas relacionadas con malformaciones cardíacas y de paso, favorecer el asesoramiento genético a las parejas en riesgo.


Hydrops fetalis is a serious condition due to a complex pathophysiology, which is associated with a wide range of etiologic mechanisms leading to a poor pregnancy outcome (mortality of 60-90% of the cases). Management and therapeutic options are limited and can only be offered to one third of the cases. Investigation of the pathophysiologic basis as well as an early diagnosis would probably help in improving the outcome and genetic counseling of parents at risk for this condition.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Hydrops Fetalis/diagnosis , Hydrops Fetalis/etiology , Hydrops Fetalis/therapy , Risk Factors
14.
Rev. Méd. Clín. Condes ; 19(3): 165-176, jul. 2008. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-503390

ABSTRACT

El primer trimestre del embarazo nos ofrece el mejor momento para someter a la población embarazada general a pruebas de tamizaje para aneuploidías, síndrome hipertensivo del embarazo y restricción de crecimiento intrauterino. La mezcla ente anamnesis obstétrica, ultrasonido entre 11-13+6 semanas (medición de la translucencia nucal, presencia del hueso nasal y ángulo facial y medición Doppler de ductus venoso, regurgitación tricuspídea e índices de pulsatilidad en las arterias uterinas más otros marcadores) y su combinación con la medición de marcadores bioquímicos plasmáticos maternos (PAPP-A, hCG-B libre, y otros). Ofrecen una sensibilidad incomparable para la pesquiza de pacientes en riesgo mayor de anormalidades cromosómicas en sus fetos, síndromes hipertensivos del embarazo severos y restricción del crecimiento intrauterino de presentación precoz y de mayor severidad.


Screening for chromosomal abnormalities, pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction in general population is best on the first trimester of pregnancy. An integrated examination including maternal history, ultrasound between 11-13+6 weeks of pregnancy (nuchal translucency measurement, assesment of nasal bone presence, facial angle and Doppler examination of ductus venosus, tricuspid regurgitation and pulsatility index of uterine arteries plus other markers) combined with the measurement of biochemical substances in maternal plasma (PAPP-A, free hCG-B, and others) have the best sensibility to identify patients at high risk of having fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities and having early severe onset of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Trimester, First , Pre-Eclampsia , Fetal Growth Retardation , Straining of Liquids , Chromosome Disorders , Pregnancy Complications , Fetus/anatomy & histology , Biomarkers , Ultrasonography, Prenatal
16.
Rev. chil. ultrason ; 10(2): 44-49, 2007. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-481360

ABSTRACT

Objective: To present a 10-year experience with prenatal karyiotyping in cases of fetal malformations in a Regional NHS hospital. Methods: Pregnancies complicated with congenital abnormalities detected prenatally by ultrasonography and undergoing an invasive procedure for fetal Karyotyping were reviewed. Information on maternal demographics, number and type of procedure, indications, complications, and cytogenetic results was obtained by reviewing the ultrasound reports and medical records. Results: In the 10- year period from January 1997 to December 2006, 1.139 pregnancies complicated by a fetal structural anomaly were evaluated in our unit. In 270 cases, an invasive procedure for fetal karyotyping was carried out, including 212 (78 percent) fetal blood sampling procedures, 43 (16 percent) amniocenteses, 8 ( 3 percent) chronic villus sampling procedures. In 178 (66 percent) the karyotype result was reported as normal, in 68 (25 percent) as abnormal, in 22 (8 percent) there was a culture failure, and in 2 (1 percent) a failed procedure. Among the 68 chromosomal abnormalities, 32 percent were trisomy 21 (n=22), 32 percent trisomy 18 (n=22), and 25 percent a monosomy X(n=17). In the remaining cases there was a trisomy 13, trisomy 14, triploidy, or a chromosomal structural defect. In the first 4 years, the detection rate of a chromosomal defect was approximately 15 percent, which increased to 35 percent in the last 6 years, without a significant increase in the number of procedures. Conclusions: Our unit deals with more than 100 cases of fetal malformations per year. The implementation of a cytogenetic laboratory allows the provision of critical information for the subsequent management of the pregnancy and future genetic counseling. Overall, 25 percent of the procedures yielded an abnormal result. With increasing experience, the efficiency is improving considerable without a concomitant increase in the number of procedures.


Objetivo: Presentar la experiencia acumulada de 10 años con el diagnóstico citogenético prenatal en fetos con malformaciones congénitas detectados por ultrasonografía en un hospital base del sector público. Métodos : Se revisó nuestra base de datos seleccionando aquellas pacientes evaluadas exclusivamente por malformaciones fetales únicas o múltiples que fueron sometidas a estudio citogenético prenatal. Se recolectó la información demográfica y clínica, evaluando el número total de procedimientos por año, la relación normales/anormales, el rendimiento por tipo de muestra, el porcentaje de procedimientos frustros en la toma de muestra y la fallas del cultivo. Resultados: En el período entre enero de 1997 y diciembre del 2006, se evaluaron 1.139 embarazos complicados con malformaciones congénitas, en los cuales se realizaron 270 procedimientos invasivos prenatales. De ellos 212 (78 por ciento) fueron cordocentesis, 43 (16 por ciento) amniocentesis, 8 (3 por ciento) biopsias placentarias y 7 (3 por ciento) biopsia de vellosidades coriales. En 178 (66 por ciento) casos el cariograma fue informado como normal en 68 (25 por ciento) como anormal, en 22 (8 por ciento) no hubo crecimiento de cultivo celular y en 2 (1 por ciento) hubo una punción frustra. De los 68 resultados anormales, un 32 por ciento corresponden a trisomías 21 (n=22), un 32 por ciento a trisomías 18 (n= 22) y un 25 por ciento a monosomía del cromosoma X (n=17). El 10 por ciento restante corresponde a anomalías del cromosoma 13 ó 14, triploidías o defectos estructurales rearreglos cromosómicos. De un promedio de resultados anormales de un 15 por ciento en los primeros 4 años del estudio, se mejoró la detección a un 35 por ciento en los últimos 6 años, sin un aumento significativo en el número de procedimientos. Conclusiones: Nuestra Unidad de Ultrasonografía maneja un volumen superior a los 100 casos de anomalías fetales anuales...


Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Pregnancy , Middle Aged , Congenital Abnormalities , Fetus/abnormalities , Chromosome Aberrations/statistics & numerical data , Amniocentesis/statistics & numerical data , Chile , Congenital Abnormalities , Cytogenetic Analysis , Cordocentesis/statistics & numerical data , Fetal Diseases/epidemiology , Pregnancy Complications , Trisomy , Ultrasonography, Prenatal , Chorionic Villi/pathology
17.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 134(9): 1129-1134, sept. 2006. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish, English | LILACS | ID: lil-438415

ABSTRACT

Background: In Chile, flour is fortified with folic acid since 2000, and the incidence of neural tube defects has decreased. Cranio-encephalic congenital defects (CECD) have a wider clinical scope, includind classical neural tube defects (NTD) such as anencephalia and acrania, but also incorporating other defects. Therefore, the effects of folic acid fortification on the incidence of CECD could be different. Aim: To study the effect of folic acid fortification on the incidence of CECD. Material and methods: All prenatal diagnoses of CECD and cases registered locally in the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) were reviewed. The obtained data were crossed with all death certificates of newborns or stillborns of more than 500 g in the Sixth Region, in Central Chile. All cases were classified again in four subtypes, according to their phenotype. The incidences of all subtypes prior (1996-2000) and after folic acid supplementation (2001-2004), were compared. Results: Between 1996 and 2004, there were 64 cases of CEDC among 109,176 infants born alive. The global rate was 8.86 per 10,000 born alive in the period prior to fortification and 3.03 per 10,000 born alive after fortification. Comparing both periods, there was a 66 percent reduction in all CECD and a 77 and 100 percent reduction in subtypes A and B of CECD, respectively (p <0.05). No significant reductions in type C and D CECD, were observed. Conclusions: After the start of flour folic acid fortification, there was a global reduction in the incidence of CECD. However, only types A and B CECD, supposedly more responsive to folic acid, were reduced.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Flour , Folic Acid/administration & dosage , Food, Fortified , Neural Tube Defects/prevention & control , Anencephaly/epidemiology , Anencephaly/prevention & control , Chile/epidemiology , Incidence , Neural Tube Defects/epidemiology , Skull/abnormalities
19.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol ; 71(6): 417-424, 2006. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-464969

ABSTRACT

Se presenta un caso clínico de síndrome antifosfolípidos con antecedente de mortinato y tratamiento anticoagulante prolongado. En la segunda gestación (gemelar bicoriónico) desarrolla una restricción fetal precoz selectiva en un gemelo, seguido de detención definitiva de su crecimiento en semana 25. Luego del tratamiento de una trombocitopenia materna intercurrente se decidió la interrupción del embarazo en semana 28 por operación cesárea. Ambos gemelos de 860 y 406 gramos sobrevivieron en buenas condiciones al período neonatal. Se discuten los mecanismos etiopatogénicos y aspectos singulares observados en la adaptación circulatoria del gemelo B.


Subject(s)
Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Humans , Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic , Antiphospholipid Syndrome/complications , Twins , Thrombocytopenia/complications , Cesarean Section , Fetal Growth Retardation , Pregnancy Outcome
20.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 133(5): 517-524, mayo 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-429052

ABSTRACT

Background: Pulmonary diseases are common among HIV infected patients. The prevalence of the different diseases varies greatly. Aim: To identify the different pulmonary diseases that affect a Chilean population of HIV infected patients and to identify factors associated with in hospital mortality. Material and methods: Retrospective review of the clinical records of all HIV infected patients with lung diseases discharged from our institution during a period of 3.5 years. Collection of demographic and biomedical data. Results: One hundred seventy one patients (aged 35.7 years, 86% men) had 236 episodes of lung diseases. Only 13.5% of the patients were receiving antiretroviral therapy and 18% were on pneumocystis prophylaxis. Infectious diseases accounted for 87% of the discharges, neoplasm for 5.1%. Pneumocystis jirovecii infection was responsible for 37.7% of the episodes, community acquired pneumonia was seen in 24.1% and mycobacterial diseases in 14.4%. Two or more conditions were present in 13.6%. Death during hospital stay occurred in 19.5%. Multivariate analysis identified pneumothorax as the only significant independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in patients with pneumocystis pneumonia, while nosocomial pneumonia was the only predictor of death among patients with non-pneumocystis pulmonary diseases. Conclusions: Infectious diseases were the main cause of hospitalization among Chilean HIV infected patients. Mortality among these patients remains high. Appropriate antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis may alter pulmonary disease prevalence in the future. Every effort should be made to avoid the development of pneumothorax and nosocomial pneumonia.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , HIV Infections/complications , Lung Diseases/epidemiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Hospital Mortality , Hospitalization , Lung Diseases/etiology , Retrospective Studies
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