Basic Structures of Consciousness and Odes to Cow Seeker on the Transpersonal Context / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVE: Several decades ago Sutich, Walsh and Wilber said, "Transpersonal psychology has taken a position of the fourth emerging force", after the first three of psychoanalytic, behavioristic and humanistic psychology. There is a basis to confirm that transpersonal psychology and transpersonal psychotherapy are the new power of psychology. Namely they pursue entire spectrums of consciousness including the spiritual domain of human consciousness which the school of psychoanalysis, behaviorism and humanistic psychology did not emphasize. Transpersonal psychology is concerned with the study of optimum psychological health and well being, including traditional areas and techniques of therapeutic concern. Added to these it an interest in facilitating growth and awareness beyond traditionally recognized levels of health and, in so doing, it emphasized the importance of modifying consciousness. In addition to optimum psychological health and well-being, these areas included subjects such as altered states of consciousness, peak experience, self-realization, transcendent of personal levels and effects of meditation and other consciousness altering techniques. The representative theory of this is the basic structures of consciousness by Wilber. His basic structures of consciousness explain the essence of human beings and contain various lines of human development. He has limited his presentation to nine of the most basic and central levels, three of which are prepersonal, personal and transpersonal realms. There are several cases with the similar standpoint of consciousness of Wilber in Zen Buddhism of the Orient. One of them is the ode to the cow seeker and the picture to the cow seeker by Zen master, Kwak-am. Kwak-am explained the process of seeking the essence of a human being with 10 pictures trying to seek lost cow which is called "ten ox herding pictures". The odes to the cow seeker are added explanation of those pictures of the cow seeker Here, this paper introduces you the metaphor of odes to the cow seeker which was compared with basic structures of consciousness and discussed with some scholar's theories of personality development. Therefore, both metaphorical meanings of odes to the cow seeker and Wilber's basic structures of consciousness are an inquiry into the nature of human beings and this inquiry also links the process of the development of transpersonal consciousness Lastly, I tried to prove that transpersonal psychology draws on the contribution of both Eastern wisdom and Western science. METHOD: In order to discuss for correlation between odes to the cow seeker and basic structures of consciousness, a method was chosen for interpreting books which are related with these subjects. Among these books, the principal books for odes to the cow seeker were "Buddhistic words seeking himself" by Sunglim, "ox herding pictures", "ten series reaching enlightenment" by Hyee-ik Lee and the manual of zen Buddhism by D. T. Suzuki. The three books were compared with "ontogenic development", "two fundamental patterns" and the spectrum of development by Wilber. RESULTS: The results of the discussion were as follows. The 1st stanza, ode of searching for the cow is corresponded to the sensory physical mind, the 2nd stanza, ode of finding cow's footprints is corresponded to the phantasmic emotional mind, the 3rd stanza, ode of seeing the cow is corresponded to the representational mind, the 4th stanza, ode of catching the cow is corresponded to the rule/role mind, the 5th stanza, ode of taming the cow is corresponded to the formal reflexive mind, the 6th stanza, ode of coming home on the cow's back is corresponded to the vision-logic mind, the 7th stanza, ode of cow gone(the seeker remains alone), is corresponded to the psychic and subtle mind which consciousness belongs to the transpersonal level. The 8th stanza, ode of the cow and the seeker disappeared is corresponded to the causal level, and the 9th stanza, ode of returning to the source is corresponded to the ultimate mind which is connected to the eighth ode and abided as the absolute spirit. Strictly speaking, the ultimate state is not one level among others, but the reality, condition or suchness of all levels. Then, the 10th stanza, ode of entering a house in the market with help-bestowing hands is a scene which the transpersonal deity is not staying in contemplative life state but illuminating toward market people naturally as the flower blooms on an old tree in Spring. CONCLUSION: Human psychology tends to change to transpersonal psychology in order to understand the essence of human nature like abnormal behavior is destructive while sound is constructive with nature. The 'transpersonal' combined with the term of 'trans' and 'personal' is a new psychology field which pursues the existence of spirituality. All creation with human beings has its spirituality moving immanently horizontally and it goes transcendentally vertically. Ode to the cow seeker tells the process how the consciousness of a person reachs out to be transpersonal beyond his boundary. The attitude of seeker after spirituality would be compared with the attitude of today's teacher. Therefore I would like to remark that psychotherapists and seekers of the essence of human-beings have to access the point of self-transcendence and also have to try to develop their self-introspection at the level of biopsychosocial-spiritual dimension in the base of psychodynamism. From birth to death, it is very hard to find a real Guru who guides us to find out the right ways of life. There's only ways to seek his own spirituality by relieving himself in the base of transpersonal movement and only a few seekers say that's the only way to find it. Besides this way, whether the way of life we take is repeated or comes to a deadlock.

The Effects of Repeated Stress on the GABAergic Neurotransmission in Rats / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: Changes of GABAergic neurotransmission in response to the application of different types of environmental stress have been the subject of research for over two decades. However, the nature of the changes induced by stress appear to show a dependent phenomena on the type and duration of stressor agent employed. METHODS: For this reason, this study was performed to observe the effects of repeated stress on the radioligands binding to GABA A/benzodiazepine receptors of discrete brain regions. The author also examined the activity of GABA transaminase and the concentration of endogenous GABA. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 150-200g were forced to suffer an immobilization stress for 2 hours during 14 consecutive days. RESULTS: Repeated immobilization stress decreased the binding of [3H]flunitrazepam on the benzodiazepine receptor in the cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus. Saturation experiments followed by scatchard analyses of the results showed decreased density of benzodiazepine receptor and the affinity remained unchanged. Repeated immobilization stress did not affect the binding of [3H]muscimol on the GABAA receptor, the activity of GABA transaminase, and the concentration of endogenous GABA in the brain regions. CONCLUSIONS: From these results, it can be concluded that repeated immobilization stress modulated GABAergic neurotransmission via downregulation of the benzodiazepine receptor in the brain.

Glial Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor Mediates the Relief of Acute Stress-Induced Anxiety in Rats / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor has been suggested to be associated with the relief of anxiety response induced by stresses. This study was designed to observe the anxiolytic activity of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-250g were forced to suffer an immobilization stress for 2 hours. The level of anxiety by immobilization was performed by an elevated plus maze and was evaluated by the number of [3H]Ro5-4864 binding sites in the olfactory bulb. RESULTS: Saturation experiments followed by scatchard anlayses of the results showed that the density of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor increased and the affinity of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor remained unchanged. It was found that there was no significant change in the cerebral cortex. Pretreatment with clonazepam, a central benzodiazepine receptor agonist, before an immobilization stress abolished the anxoius response on the performance of plus maze. In this group, upregulation of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor of olfactory bulb was not observed. Ro5-4864, a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor agonist, elicited an increase of anxiolytic response on the performance of plus maze. Progesterone, a precursor of neuroactive steroid, also increased anxiolytic response on the performance of plus maze. Pretreatment with PK11195, a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, abolshed the anxiolytic effect of progesterone. CONCLUSIONS: From these results, it could be concluded that peripheral benzodiazepine receptor is closely associated with the relief of acute stress induced anxiety response via an increase of synthesis of neuroactive steroid.

Changes of renal peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in the stress/anxiety response

Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor(PBR) has been identified in various peripheral tissues including kidney. The physiological and pharmacological functions of PBR are still uncertain, although it has been suggested that these are associated with the regulation of stress/anxiety response. Diazepam progeny, which were exposed to diazepam perinatally, was reported to be an animal model of chronic anxiety. However, PBR in the diazepam progenies are not known yet. In the present study, therefore, we examined the changes of PBR in the stress/anxiety response. Dams of rats were given injection of diazepam or vehicle during puerperium. Diazepam progenies showed increased level of anxiety on the performance of elevated plus maze, and increased Bmax of PBR. Saturation experiments followed by scatchard analysis of the results showed that the increase in the density of PBR and the affinity of the PBR remained unchanged. Forced swim stress increased anxiety on the plus maze in both groups of rats. In contrast to control, diazepam progenies did not show further upregulation of renal PBR immediately after swimming stress, but still higher than control. From the above results, it may be concluded that upregulation of renal PBR is associated with chronic anxiety as well as stress-induced response.

The Study of Reliability and Validity of Attention Deficit Disorder Evaluation Scale-School Version(ADDES-SV) / 영남의대학술지

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of attention deficit disorder evaluation scale-school version(ADDES-SV). Between October 1996 and November 1996, ADDES-SV was administered to 263 elementary school students in the second grade and between Jun 1996 and October 1996, 28 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients. In the reliability test, the test-retest reliability coefficient was significantly high and that of inattention was 0.88, that of impulsivity was 0.80, that of hyperactivity was 0.83 and total score was 0.83. In the reliability test by internal consistancy, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was significantly high and that of inattention was 0.98, that of impulsivity was 0.87, that of hyperactivity was 0.87(p<0.05). The half-sprit reliability coefficient by first-second half method showed high correlation and that of inattention was part 1: 0.96, part 2: 0.96 impulsivity was part 1: 0.95, part 2: 0.93, hyperactivity was part 1: 0.92, part 2: 0.94(p<0.05). Inter-rater reliability by pearson correlation coefficient was significantly high and that of inattention was 0.92, that of impulsivity was 0.87, that of hyperactivity was 0.89 and total score was 0.89. The concurrent validity between ADDES-SV and CAP scale was 0.85 in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patient group and 0.79 in normal control group(p<0.05). In discriminant validity test between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patient group and normal control group, the patient group showed higher score(p<0.05). The total discriminant capacity of the patient group in ADDES-SV was 94.6%. In this point of view, ADDES-SV scale showed high reliability and validity in applying to Korean subjects and was proved to be the useful screening test tool for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder research.

Anxiety and depression of the Korean residents in China / 영남의대학술지

In order to survey the reality of anxiety and depression among the Koreans residing in china, a study was conducted between January and March of 1991, on the residents of Yun-Kil city, with subjects of 472 Koreans and 479 Chinese. The evaluation was based on the questionnaires, named Combined self-rating anxiety depression scale (CADS), distributed among the subjects. ANOVA and t-test were applied for data processing. The results were as follows: There was not significant difference in the mean of total scores between the two groups. The scores of Koreans were 29.70±7.03, while those of Chinese were 29.45±9.01. The score of the CADS above 50 (clinically significant level) was seen in 12 (2.54%) Koreans and 21 (4.38%) Chinese. The anxiety-depression scores relating to the items of indigestion and decreased appetite, sleep disturbance, apprehension, decreased libido were relatively high among the Koreans. The items appeared low in scores among the Koreans were faintness, fear, suicidal rumination, hopelessness, paresthesias. The highs among the Chinese were facial flushing, anxiousness, dissatisfaction, suicidal rumination. The items appeared low among the Chinese were fear, faintness, paresthesias, weight loss, suicidal rumination. In the compatison of evaluation by items between the two groups, the items placing the Koreans significantly higher over the Chinese are indigestion & decreased appetite, sleep disturbance, apprehension, decreased libldo. The Chinese marked significantly higher in facial flushing, anxiousness, dissastisfaction, suicidal rumination. Those in the case of female (p<0.01 respectively), less than twenty years old (p<0.01 respectively), dissatisfied with family relationship (p<0.01 respectively), with past history of psychiatric hospitalization (Koreans p<0.01, Chinese p<0.05), pessimistic toward future, present, past self image (p<0.01 respectively) had significantly higher scores in both groups. In religion, neither group showed significant difference. In religion, neither group showed significant difference. In marital status, the Koreans showed a higher degree of divorce and separation and the Chinese in singleness (p<0.01 respectively). The Korean were higher in illiteracy and the Chinese had more college education (p<0.01 respectively). In place of growth, The Koreans showed not much difference in the areas while more Chinese grew up un large cities (p<0.01). More Koreans lived in the dormitory while the Chinese were engaged more in self-cooking (p<0.01 respectively), In pocket money per mouth, more Koreans were less than 1 dollar while the Chinese were between 7 and 10 dollars (p<0.01 respectively). There were no significant difference between two groups about religion.

Transcultural research for mental health between the rural population of Nepalese and Korean / 영남의대학술지

In order to make transcultural research for mental health centered on anxiety and depression between two countries of which psychosocial factors are different, the author studied 698 Nepalese in Dolka in January 1990 and 417 Korean of Chungdo and Kyungju in Korea from July to August 1990 by using the Combined Self-Rating Anxiety Depression Scale (CSADS). The author applied t-test and ANOVA to compare these two groups. The results were as follows: The total scored of Nepalese scored 51.27±11.10 while Korean Scored 44.29±11.79. The anxiety-depression scores relating to the items of restlessness, depressed affect, apprehension, crying spells and fatigue were significantly high in Nepalese, while fatigue, sleep disturbance, dissatisfaction, dizziness, and anxiousness were significantly high in Korean. Both groups showed an increase of score with age. The item relating to education, the scores of the CSADS was significantly high in lower education level in Nepal but Korean showed no significant difference among education level. The score of the CSADS above 50 (clinically significant level) was seen in 361 (51.7%) Nepalese and 116 (27.9%) Korean, which shows the proportion of Nepalese are significantly higher than that of Korean.

The characteristic activity of isolated-rearing mouse and the therapeutic effect of haloperidol / 신경정신의학

No abstract available.

Effect of the Early Traumatic Experience on the Mental Health of the Elderly / 영남의대학술지

This study was intended to analyze the relation between the psychic traumatic experience and the psychological health of the aged. The authors carried out this study by means of the combined anxiety-depression scale (CADS) and the preadolescence traumatic experience scale (PTES) with 278 aged men and women residing in Taegu from September to October 1988. The results were as follows: 1. Based on the scores evaluated by CADS, the scores of the both groups showed that comparative group was accounted for 40.15±6.19, while the experimental group for 57.75±6.37, which showed significantly higher score in the experimental group (p<0.001). 2. The experimental group showed significantly higher early experience score than the comparative group in the dietary difficulty, alcoholism among family members, disunion between husband and wife, trouble between mother and children, early mother loss, parent's indifference and unwanted birth (p<0.001). 3. The experimental group showed higher early experience score than the comparative group by sex, age, marital status and grown location (p<0.001). 4. When the subjects were included in the unemployed and in the middle or low classes and their parents were engaged in agriculture and commercial business and believing in buddhism or no-religion, showed higher experience score (p<0.001).

A Study of Depression Observed Among The Eledrly Residing in Home For The Aged In Korea / 영남의대학술지

Using Zung's self-rating depression scale, the authors studied depression in 310 elderlies residing in the 9 home for the aged (HFA) in Kyungbuk area, and 234 elderlies living in Taegu city and 107 elderlies attending a Life-long education program in Taegu, which serve as a control group, Community resident elderlies (CRE). The research had been administered during the period from June to August, 1986. The results were as follows: 1. The mean scores of male, female, and the total of the elderlies in HFA were 38.95±11.55, 44.18±14.15, and 42.8±13.7 respectively while CRE marked 40.8±11.3 for male, 45.2±12.0 for female, and 43.4±11.9 for the total. Therefore there were significant differences between male and female in both groups (<0.01, p<0.001), though no significant difference between the two groups. However, the depression score of elderlies in HFA might be much higher than that of CRE if 81 elderlies (14.2%) in HFA who had been left out of the statistical evaluation due to their having severe depression, organic brain syndrome, or pseudoementia, etc had been included. 2. The score distribution by items for the elderlies in HFA were from highest scores hopelessness, worthlessness, emptiness, decreased appetite, confusion, while for CRE, hopelessness, decreased appetite, psychomotor retardation, indecisiveness, and worthlessness, Elderlies in HFA showed significantly high scores in depressed mood, weight loss, suicidal rumination (ideation) and psychomotor excitement, while CRE showed significantly high scores in decreased appetite, psychomotor retardation, indecisiveness, and dissatisfaction. 3. Elderlies who scored over 50 numbered 10 males (16%), 57 females (34%), and total of 67 (29%) in HFA and 28 male (21%), 77 females (37%), and total of 105 (31%) in CRE: female showed higher seores in both groups. 4. Psychococial factors such as getting older (respectively p<0.01, p<0.01), being Buddhist (respectively p<0.01, p<0.01), and monthly pocket money less than ₩30,000 (respectively p<0.001, p<0.001) were found to have a noticeable impact on the depression level of the elderlies in both groups. Factors such as illiteracy (p<0.001), monthly pocket money less than ₩10,000 (p<0.05), and having no family (p<0.01) recorded significantly higher scores among CRE than the elderlies in HFA.

A Study on the Peripheral Anticholinergic Effect of Minaprine / 영남의대학술지

The authors studied ED50 of bethanechol on the contractilities of the smooth muscles isolated from various organs of rat under the presence of atropine (a classical competitive blocker of cholinergic muscarinic receptor) or minaprine (a newly developed antidepressant drug) to investigate the peripheral anticholinergic effect of minaprine. The results were as follow: 1) There was no significant difference between ED50 of bethanechol in the control group and that under the presence of minaprine 10⁻⁸M and 10⁻⁷M in the smooth muscles isolated from the duodenum. 2) There was no significant difference between ED50 of bethanechol in the control group and that under the presence of minaprine 10⁻⁸M and 10⁻⁷M in the smooth muscles isolated from the ascending colon. 3) There was significant difference between ED50 of bethanechol in the control group and that under the presence of minaprine 10⁻⁸M and 10⁻⁷M in the smooth muscles isolated from the urinary bladder (P<0.01) 4) There was significant difference between ED50 of the atropine 10⁻⁸ and minaprine (10⁻⁸M) in the smooth muscles isolated from the urinary bladder (P<0.05).

A Study on MMPI in College Freshmen / 영남의대학술지

The authors studied the mental health status of the 1989 freshmen of Yeungnam University using the psychotic scale of Derogatis SCL0-90, Zung anxiety and depression scale and MMPI from January 1988 to February 1988. The subjects of this study were contained 3792 students (1206 female, 2586 male). 392 students (10.3%), out of all respondents were screened to fall on high score ranges. The authors performed a second test to 156(39.8% 47 female (30.1%), 109 male (69.9%) of the high-scored in order to clarify their mental health status and analyze various psychosocial factors; using MMPI. The MMPI results were categorized with Lachar's classification. The results were as follows: 1. By the MMPI scores, 24 respondents (15.4%) had neurotic trends, 20 (12.8%) had psychotic trends and 7 (4.5%) had trends of behavior disorder. It was about 1.4% of all 3792 freshmen. 2. On the close examination of the MMPI, 8 respondents were diagnosed for affect disorder, 6 for anxiety disorder, 9 for schizophrenia and 3 for personality disorder. It was 0.7% of all freshmen. 3. One the analysis of the psychosocial factors, the schizophrenic scores were high in the case of unsatisfy in family atmosphere, unsatisfy in marital intimacy of parents, serious in conflicts between father and I, and serious in conflicts between mother and I. 4. The hypochondriacal scores were high in the case of weak in physical condition, having hospitalization experience and physical illness.

A Study on Organic Brain Syndrome in the Elderly at the Home for the Aged / 영남의대학술지

The authors studied organic brain syndrome, using organic brain syndrome scale of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-Ⅲ, in the subjects of 65 males and 231 females at the homes for the aged in the Taegu and Kyong-buk areas. The authors collected the data during the period from June to August, 1986, and applied ANOVA and x²-test in order to compare various psychologic factors in relation to the organic brain syndrome. The results could be summarized as follows: The elderly males (15%) showed high OBS scores of 12 and over, while ninety elderly females (39%) showed the same scores. Among those psychosocial factors, age, education, birth place, occupation, religion, history before institutionalization are significantly related to the OBS scores.

A Study on Depression in the Elderly at the Home for the Aged / 영남의대학술지

The authors studied depression, using Zung's self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), in the subjects of 65 males and 231 females at the homes for the aged in Taegu and Kyong-buk areas. The authors collected the date of SDS during the period from June to August, 1986, and applied ANOVA and t-test on the depression scores in order to compare them between various psychosocial factors and sexes. The results could be summarized as follow: There was significantly difference in the mean average of total depression scores between the two groups: elderly males scored 38.80±11.92, elderly females scored 43.21±14.33 (p<0.05). The depression scores in the items of hopelessness, personal devaluation, weight loss, emptiness and confusion were relatively higher than the scores in the other items in both groups. Nine elderly males (16%) showed seriously high depression scores of 50 and over, while fourth-seven elderly females (33%) showed the same scores. Among these psychosocial factors, age, birth place, and growing place are significantly related to higher depression scores in both groups.

A Study on Anxiety in College Freshmen / 영남의대학술지

The authors studied anxiety, using Zung's Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), in the subjects of 3,499 male and 1,335 female college freshmen of Yeungnam University. The authors collected the reports of SAS during the periods from January to February, 1986, and applied ANOVA and t-test on anxiety scores in order to compare them between various psychosocial factors, and sexes. The results are as follows: There was significant difference in the mean averages of total anxiety scores between male and female students: male students scored 32.91±7.70, female students scored 34.48±6.00, (P<0.001). The anxiety scores relating to the items of sweating, apprehension, restlessness, and insomnia were relatively higher in both groups. The anxiety scores relating to the items of faintness, mental disintegration, tremors, dizziness were lower in both groups. Thirty-nine male students (1.1%) showed seriously high anxiety scores of 50 or higher, while twenty-one female students (1.6%) showed the same scores. So the authors inferred that the features of anxiety symptoms were much the same in our country, but female showed more various symptoms and higher level of anxiety than males. Male students attending in pharmacy showed higher level of anxiety scores (P<0.01). There was a strong tendency toward higher anxiety scores in the students who were dissatisfied with their home atmosphere, colleges, department and familiarity of parents, and those who had pessimistic views of self image in the past, present, or future, in both groups (P<0.001).

A Study on Psychoticism in College Freshmen / 영남의대학술지

The authors studied psychoticism, using Derogatis's SCL-90, in the subjects of 3,499 male and 1,335 female college freshmen of Yeungnam University. The authors collected the reports of Self-Rating Psychoticism Scale during the periods from January to February, 1986, and applied ANOVA and t-test on psychoticism scores in order to compare them between various psychosocial factors, and sexes. The results are as follows: There was significant difference in the mean averages of total psychoticism scores between male and female students: male students scored 4.62+4.01, female students scored 5.03+3.89 (P<0.01). Thirteen male students (0.4%) showed high psychoticism scores of 20 or higher, while seven female students (0.5%) showed the same scores. The male students who have maturated in city and the female students whose educational fees were paid by self, showed higher level of psychoticism scores (P<0.05). The male and female students who believed Protestantism showed higher level of psychoticism scores (respectively P<0.05, P<0.01). There was a strong tendency toward higher psychoticism scores in the students who were dissatisfies with their home atmosphere, college, department and familiarity of parents and those who had pessimistic views of self in the past, present or future in both groups (P<0.001).

A Study on Depression in College Freshmen / 영남의대학술지

The authors studied depression, using Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) in the subjects of 3,499 male and 1,335 female college freshmen of Yeungnam University. The authors collected the reports of SDS during the periods from January to February, 1986, and applied ANOVA and t-test on depression scores in order to compare them between various psychosocial factors, and sexes. The results are as follows: There was significant difference in the mean averages of total depression scores between male and female students: male students scored 35.68+7.46, female students scored 38.93+7.26 (P<0.01). The depression scores relating to the items of indecisiveness, psychomotor retardation, decreased libido, and diurnal variation were relatively higher in both groups. One hundred and sixty-one male students (4.6%) showed seriously high degree depression scores of 50 or higher, while one-hundred and seventeen female students (8.8%) showed the same scores. Female students attending in liberal arts showed higher level of depression scores (P<0.01). There was a strong tendency toward higher depression scores in the students who were dissatisfies with their home atmosphere, college, department and familiarity of parents and those who had pessimistic views of self in the past, present or future in both groups (P<0.001).

Evaluation of the Mental Health Status of the Aged by Zung's Self-rating Anxiety Scale / 영남의대학술지

The authors studied on anxiety, using Zung's self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), on the subjects of 329 men and 522 women of 60 years old and older. This study was carried out for 8 months from November 1983 to June 1984 in the area of Seoul, Taegu and Kyungsan Gun, Kungpook province. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the means of total anxiety scores between the two groups of men and women. The anxiety scores in items of sweating, apprehension, dyspnea, restlessness and insomnia were relatively high in both groups. The scores of faintness, panic, fear, tremor and facial flushing were low in both groups. Among 329 men, 48 (14.6%) showed rather serious anxiety level of score 50 or higher, while 153 of 522 women (29.4%) showed the same score. Among these psychosocial factors, supporter, living, place, religion and security system are significantly related with anxiety scores in both groups (p<0.01).