Comparison of Spatial Neurocognitive Function between Insomnia Disorder Patients and Normal Sleeping Control: Pilot Study / 수면정신생리

OBJECTIVES: Chronic insomnia disorder is a common and one of the most distressing sleep disorders. This pilot study was conducted to compare the spatial function between insomnia disorder patients and good sleeping control. METHODS: We enrolled the 22 patients with chronic insomnia during over one year who met the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria of insomnia disorder and 27 normal sleeping controls. The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) has been performed to compare the spatial cognitive function between insomnia disorder patients and good sleeping controls. RESULTS: The CANTAB results showed significant differences in the problems solved in minimum moves of Stockings of Cambridge test (t = −2.499, p = 0.017). The significant difference between two groups remained after controlling age, sex, and Beck Depression Index non-sleep scores (F = 5.631, p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the patients with insomnia disorder have poor spatial planning function.

Rotating Shift and Daytime Fixed Work Schedules as a Risk Factor for Depression in Korean Police Officers / 수면정신생리

OBJECTIVES: Working at other times than the regular day shift has been reported to be a stressor associated with health consequences and mental disorders as well as disturbance of sleep. In current study, we aimed at investigating the relationship between work schedule, sleep quality and depression among police officers. METHODS: Eleven hundreds and forty five police officers (male:1040, female:105) completed questionnaires of basic socio-demographic data, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Korean Scale of Occupational Stress (KOSS), Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R) and Center for Epidemiologic Study-Depression (CES-D). RESULTS: After controlling for age, sex and educational level, score of CES-D was correlated positively with the score of KOSS, PSQI and IES-R on partial correlation analysis (r=-0.077;p=0.009, r=0.262;p<0.000 and r=0.421, p<0.000, respectively). Logistic regression analysis revealed that female sex, age, the score of KOSS and IES-R and schedule of rotating shift work predicted higher score than 16 score of CES-D significantly in total subjects (p=0.023, p=0.015, p=0.000, p=0.000 and p=0.022, respectively). CONCLUSION: Current result suggested that not only female sex, age, higher occupational stress and impact of event scale but also rotating shift work schedule might be related to depression among police officers.

Adult Attachment Styles and Insomnia / 수면정신생리

INTRODUCTION: Human attachment is known to be closely associated with psychophysiological phenomenon. However, there have not been enough researches on the relationship of the attachment with sleep, especially with insomnia. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between adult attachment styles and insomnia in community-dwelling population. METHODS: One hundred seventy seven community-dwelling adults (74 males and 103 females ;mean age 41.23+/-8.44) participated in the current study. To assess the attachment styles (secure, dismissing, preoccupied and fearful), self-reporting Relationship Style Questionnaires (RSQ) were completed by the participants. Presence, type, frequency and duration of insomnia in the last month were also investigated. RESULTS: Compared to subjects without insomnia, subjects with insomnia had higher fearful attachment scores (t =2.87, p=0.005). Higher fearful attachment score were found in all subtypes of insomnia (sleep-onset insomnia, t =2.33, p=0.021;maintenance insomnia, t=2.92, p=0.004;terminal insomnia, t=2.89, p=0.004). Subjects with frequent (>or =3 per week) insomnia had higher fearful attachment scores than subjects with infrequent (or =6 months) had higher preoccupied attachment scores relative to subjects with transient insomnia (<6 months), (t=2.57, p=0.012). CONCLUSION: In the current study, attachment styles were different depending on the characteristics of insomnia. The fearful attachment was associated with the presence of insomnia, while the preoccupied attachment was associated with the chronicity of insomnia. These findings suggest that there may be some relationship between the adult attachment styles and the clinical features of insomnia.

A Study on the Relationship between Sleep Duration and Suicidal Idea in an Urban Area of South Korea / 수면정신생리

INTRODUCTION: There has been an increasing interest in the relationship between sleep and suicidality. In addition, suicidal patients habitually report their sleep problems. Although sleep-related complaints and electroencephalographic changes are generally encountered in psychiatric disorders, sleep complaints such as insomnia, hypersomnia and nightmares are more common in suicidal patients. In current study, we aimed at investigating the relationship between self-reported sleep duration and suicidality in general population. METHODS: One thousand general population (male : female=500 : 500, mean age=39.6+/-11.6 years, ranged age=20-77 years) completed Center for Epidemiologic Study-Depression (CES-D), Beck Suicide Intent scale (BSI), Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), Morningness-Eveningness Scale (MES) and brief questionnaire of sleep habits. RESULTS: After controlling for age and sex, score of BSI was correlated positively with the score of CES-D, STAXI and BIS on partial correlation analysis (r(p)=0.251 ; p10 hrs) sleep duration, the family history of psychiatric illness, the score of CES-D, and the score of STAXI predicted higher score of BSI significantly in total subjects (F=17.837, adjusted R2 =0.166 ; p=0.003, p=0.003, p10 hrs) might be related to suicidality.

Factors Predicting Recidivism within 6 Months after Release among Arrested Delinquent Adolescents / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the factors predicting recidivism within 6 months after release in arrested juvenile delinquents for proper screening and intervention of high-risk subjects. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 125 arrested male adolescents who were released after legal procedure in prosecutor office and court. The socio-demographic and crime-related characteristics were evaluated by police records, and the familial, psychopathology and personality characteristics, and the level of moral development measured by the Conflict Tactics Scale(CTS), Family Environment Scale(FES), Parental Behavioral Inventory, Symptom Checklist-90-Revised(SCL-90-R), Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Korean form of Moral Developmental Inventory for adolescents, and Personality Disorder Questionnaire-Revised(PDQ-R). RESULTS: The recidivism rate within 6 months after release was 44% of the initial sample. Recidivists were younger and had higher scores on Anger-hostility scale of SCL-90-R and lower principle morality score than nonrecidivists. More recidivists had history of physical abuse and antisocial personality disorder on PDQ-R than nonrecidivists. They also showed the crimerelated characteristics of lower percent of violence crime, higher incidence of previous conviction, younger age of the first crime. Among those variables, logistic regression showed that age of first crime, antisocial personality disorder, and history of physical abuse best predicted the recidivism within 6months after release. CONCLUSION: These results of present study suggest that the recidivism rate of arrested male adolescents is very high, and the age of first crime, antisocial personality disorder and history of physical abuse were key factors predicting recidivism. To prevent repeated crime of delinquent adolescents, the development of programs for those high-risk groups to help rehabilitation and adaptation in community would be essential.

Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-1, 2 in the Decidua of the Early Pregnancy: Comparison of Decidua Basalis and Decidua Parietalis / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVES: Implantation is a complex process between developing embryo and maternal endometrium, especially decidua. Decidua is a specialized endometrium during pregnancy and decidua basalis is the real implantation site infiltrated directly by trophoblast cells. The decidua parietalis lines the uterine cavity away from the implantation site, not real implantation site. TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 have known as multipotential cytokines and expression of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 increased in decidua during pregnancy than secretory phase of endometrium. However, there is little known about their expression in decidua parietalis, compared with decidua basalis. The purpose of this study was to compare the expression of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 in the decidua basalis and decidua parietalis during early pregnancy. METHODS: The early pregnant 26 samples were obtained at hysterectomy, which underwent surgery for cervical carcinoma, ovarian cancer, etc. Immunohistochemical staining of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 was performed and staining intensity was semiquantified by using HSCORE. RESULTS: TGF-beta1 was slightly expressed in the decidua basalis and decidua parietalis and there were no differences among them. But the expressions of TGF-beta2 of stroma and glandular cells were higher in the decidua basalis than parietalis (p < 0.005). And the expressions of TGF-beta2 were stronger than that of TGF-beta1 in the both decidua of early pregnancy (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: In decidua basalis, especially stromal cells, the expression of TGF-beta2 was increased than in the decidua parietalis. This suggests that TGF-beta2 may play an important role in decidua basalis that is directly invasion site by embryo and can be regulated by embryonic derived local factor. TGF-beta2, compared with TGF-beta1, was increased in both implantation site and suggest it may regulate implantation process during early pregnancy.