ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment and brain damage in diabetes is suggested to be associated with hypoglycemia. The mechanisms of hypoglycemia-induced neural death and apoptosis are not clear and reperfusion injury may be involved. Recent studies show that glucose deprivation/reperfusion induced more neuronal cell death than glucose deprivation itself. The forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors are implicated in the regulation of cell apoptosis and survival, but their role in neuronal cells remains unclear. We examined the role of FOXO transcription factors and the involvement of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and apoptosis-related signaling pathways in PC-12 cells exposed to repeated glucose deprivation/reperfusion. METHODS: PC-12 cells were exposed to control (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium [DMEM] containing 25 mM glucose) or glucose deprivation/reperfusion (DMEM with 0 mM glucose for 6 hours and then DMEM with 25 mM glucose for 18 hours) for 5 days. MTT assay and Western blot analysis were performed for cell viability, apoptosis, and the expression of survival signaling pathways. FOXO3/4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining was done to ascertain the involvement of FOXO transcription factors in glucose deprivation/reperfusion conditions. RESULTS: Compared to PC-12 cells not exposed to hypoglycemia, cells exposed to glucose deprivation/reperfusion showed a reduction of cell viability, decreased expression of phosphorylated Akt and Bcl-2, and an increase of cleaved caspase-3 expression. Of note, FOXO3 protein was localized in the nuclei of glucose deprivation/reperfusion cells but not in the control cells. CONCLUSION: Repeated glucose deprivation/reperfusion caused the neuronal cell death. Activated FOXO3 via the PI3K/Akt pathway in repeated glucose deprivation/reperfusion was involved in genes related to apoptosis.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis , Blotting, Western , Brain , Caspase 3 , Cell Death , Cell Survival , Cognition Disorders , Eagles , Glucose , Hypoglycemia , Neurons , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase , Reperfusion , Reperfusion Injury , Transcription FactorsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Fine needle aspiration cytology has a high sensitivity for the diagnosis of solitary thyroid nodules. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNA) and frozen section biopsy (FS) have been used to distinguish benign lesions from malignant ones and for deciding the extent of the operative areas. In this study, we correlated data from fine needle aspiration cytology and frozen section biopsy, used in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules, to determine their effectiveness. METHODS: During the period from June 1996 to May 2001, the medical records of 104 patients who underwent a thyroidectomy for a thyroid nodule, at the department of surgery Inha university hospital, were reviewed retrospectively. One hundred and four cases were classified according to whether the FNA cytological diagnosis was inadequate, benign, suspicious, or malignant and the FS diagnosis benign or malignant. RESULTS: Permanent histopathological diagnoeis revealed that 44 cases were benign and 60 cases were malignant. According to the FNA cytologic interpretation, 11 cases were diagnosed as inadequate, 52 cases benign, 20 cases suspicious, and 21 cases malignant. The sensitivity and specificity for FNA alone were 87.8% and 67.3% respectively and for FS 100% and 91.7%. The accuracy of FNA and FS were 76.3% and 96.2% respectively. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, FNA cytology is a useful tool in the initial evaluation of the thyroid nodules and it is as reliable as FS for predicting malignant lesions. In the inadequate, benign and suspicious cases, intraoperative FS is a valuable diagnostic tool to confirm the cytological diagnosis and identify malignancy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biopsy , Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Diagnosis , Frozen Sections , Medical Records , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Thyroid Nodule , ThyroidectomyABSTRACT
No abstract available.
Subject(s)
Female , Pregnancy , Pregnancy , Cervical Ripening , Cervix Uteri , Dinoprostone , MisoprostolABSTRACT
Uterine didelphys with unilateral hematometra, hemicolpos, and ipsilateral renal agenesis is a rare m01lerian duct malformation. Uterine didelphys with an obstructed hemivagina is frequently associated with renal agenesis, mostly ipsilateral to the blind vaginal pouch. Accurate early diagnosis and septal resection elevate pregnancy rate and birth rate but it is difficult to find these malfomations until the complication associated with pregnancy was developed. We report a case of successful gestational outcome in the presence of preterm labor due to hematometrocolpora caused by uterine didelphys with unilateral imperforated vagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis with brief review of the literatures.
Subject(s)
Female , Pregnancy , Birth Rate , Early Diagnosis , Hematometra , Obstetric Labor, Premature , Pregnancy Rate , Uterus , VaginaABSTRACT
Adenoid basal carcinoma of the cervix is very rare tumor. It is slow-growing and locally invasive tumor amenable to simply hystrectomy. It is common to be associated with severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ(CIS) of cervix Occasionally, concommitant microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma may also be seen. Differential diagnosis includes adenoid cystic carcinoma, which is more aggressive tumor associated with regional lymph node involvement and late pulmonary metastasis. We have recently experienced a case of adenoid basal carcinoma of the cervix in 61 years-old woman, which is presented with a brief review of the literature.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Adenocarcinoma , Adenoids , Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Cervix Uteri , Diagnosis, Differential , Lymph Nodes , Neoplasm MetastasisABSTRACT
The multistage maximal exercise test was performed to 135 cases with various heart disease and 207 control group between jan. 1980 and Dec. 1980 in KoreaGeneral Hospital. The change of heart rate, blood pressure and ST segment in various heart disease were compared with those in control group. The results were followings; 1. There were 130 male and 77 female of cases with control group, whose mean age were 50 years old. 2. General check up was the most common underlying disease of control group(67 patients) and the others were gastritis (28), neurosis (24), diabets mellitus (17), hepatitis (4) and peptic ulcer (4) frequency. 3. Change of heart rate, blood pressure and ST segment in control group during GXT were 89~154, 119/80~157/88 mmHg and 0.6~2 mm. 4. There were 81 male and 51 female of cases with various heart disease group, whose mean age were 50 years old. 5. Atherosclerotic heart disease was the most common underlying disease of various heart disease group (49 patients) and the others were hypertension (34), hypertensive cardiovascular disease (22), labile hypertension (14), angina (7), arrythmia (6) and others (3) in frequency. 6. Change of heart rate, blood pressure and ST segment in various heart disease group during GXT were 85~148, 140/93~178/102 mmHg and -0.7~1.3mm. ST segment in atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, hypertensive cardiovascular disease, valvular heart disease and myocardial infarction were significantly depressed(p<0.05) compared with ST segment in control group.