Navigation-Assisted Knee Arthroplasty in Case of Extra-Articular Deformity or Retained Hardware / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Total knee arthroplasty is a surgical treatment for end-stage osteoarthritis of the knee. Postoperative lower limb alignment is one of the factors determining the long-term prognosis after total knee arthroplasty. Navigation-assisted surgery can be used to achieve an accurate lower limb alignment. Particular situations, such as severe extra-articular deformity in the femur or tibia and retained hardware, are a good indication for navigation-assisted surgery. On the other hand, thorough preoperative planning and an understanding of each steps of surgery are necessary to perform total knee arthroplasty successfully in these special cases. In this review article, preoperative radiological measurements and surgical planning for extra-articular deformity correction will be elucidated. The surgical steps and necessary instruments for navigation-assisted total knee arthroplasty will be described in cases of extra-articular deformity or retained hardware. A literature review showed that the radiological and clinical results after total knee arthroplasty using navigation in osteoarthritis with extraarticular deformity were good. Therefore, it is essential to use navigation when performing total knee arthroplasty in patients with extraarticular deformity or retained hardware.

Comparison of the postoperative analgesic effect for infiltration between the popliteal artery and the capsule of the posterior knee and that of periarticular multimodal drug injection in total knee arthroplasty: retrospective study in the immediate postoperative period

Background@#The aim of this study is to compare the postoperative analgesic effect of infiltration between the popliteal artery and the capsule of the knee (IPACK) and the effect of periarticular multimodal drug injection (PMDI) in addition to adductor canal block (ACB) after total knee arthroplasty. @*Methods@#Among patients who received total knee arthroplasty from June 2017 to December 2017, 50 who underwent ACB with additional IPACK and 50 who received ACB with additional PMDI were selected for this study.We compared the postoperative pain numerical rating scale (NRS), the number of times patient-controlled analgesia was administered and the amount administered, the total amount of opioids given, and complications associated with the procedure between the two groups. @*Results@#NRS measured at rest and 45° knee flexion at days 1 and 2 after surgery was significantly lower in the IPACK group than in the PMDI group. The resting NRS measured at day 3 after surgery was also significantly lower in the IPACK group than in the PMDI group, and the NRS at 45° knee flexion measured from day 3 to day 5 showed a significant reduction in the IPACK group. No complications relating to the procedure occurred. @*Conclusions@#IPACK may be a better option than PMDI for controlling acute phase pain in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.

Cortical Perforation Misidentified with Medial Condylar Fracture of Femur in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Case Report

Intraoperative fracture in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a rare complication. However, when it happens, additional surgery to fix the fracture site is needed. Therefore, it is important to diagnose intraoperative fractures in TKA exactly. The authors experienced two cases of cortical perforation of medial femoral condyle misidentified as the fracture in TKA. Cortical perforation could be misdiagnosed as the fracture, which could lead to unnecessary surgery. This is the first report about cortical perforation in TKA. We report two cases of intraoperative cortical perforations and describe the radiological characteristics.

Comparison of the Effects of an Adductor Canal Block and Periarticular Multimodal Drug Local Injection on Pain after a Medial Opening High Tibial Osteotomy / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: The efficacy of periarticular multimodal drug injection and adductor canal block after a medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy was compared in terms of the postoperative pain level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From November 2016 to March 2017, 60 patients underwent a medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy under spinal anesthesia. Preemptive analgesic medication, intravenous patient controlled anesthesia were used for pain control in all patients. Thirty patients received a periarticular multimodal drug injection (group I), and 30 patients received an adductor canal block (group II). These two groups were compared regarding the postoperative pain level, frequency of additional tramadol injections, total amount of patient-controlled analgesia, and number of times that the patients pushed the patient-controlled analgesia button at each time interval. RESULTS: The visual analogue scale scores over the two-week postoperative period showed no statistical significance. The frequency of additional tramadol hydrochloride injections was similar in the two groups over time. The mean number of times that patients pushed the patient-controlled analgesia button was similar in two groups over time. The total amount of patient-controlled analgesia was similar in the two groups over time. CONCLUSION: This study shows that intraoperative periarticular multimodal drug injections and adductor canal block may have a similar effect on postoperative pain control in patients who have undergone a medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy for unicompartmental osteoarthritis of the knee.

Does Combination Therapy of Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block and Adductor Canal Block Effectively Control Early Postoperative Pain after Total Knee Arthroplasty?

PURPOSE: We compared adductor canal block (ACB) alone and a combination of ACB and sciatic nerve block (SNB) to control early postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred patients received continuous ACB alone (group A), and another 100 patients received continuous ACB and single popliteal SNB (group B). Pain was evaluated at rest and 45° knee flexion using the numeric rating scale (NRS). The number of times the patient pressed the intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) button, total PCA volume infused, and the total dosage of additional analgesics were evaluated. We also investigated complications associated with each pain control technique. RESULTS: The NRS score on postoperative day 1 was significantly lower in group B than in group A. The number of times patients pressed the PCA button on postoperative day 1 and the total infused volume were significantly lower in group B than in group A. Thirty-five (35%) patients in group B developed foot drop immediately after surgery; but they all fully recovered on postoperative day 1. CONCLUSIONS: SNB can be effective for management of early postoperative pain that persists even after ACB. Further research is needed to determine the proper dosage and technique for reducing the incidence of foot drop.

Comparison of the Effect of Continuous Femoral Nerve Block and Adductor Canal Block after Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the effects of femoral nerve block and adductor canal block on postoperative pain, quadriceps strength, and walking ability after primary total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: Between November 2014 and February 2015, 60 patients underwent primary total knee arthroplasty. Thirty patients received femoral nerve block and the other 30 received adductor canal block for postoperative pain control. Before spinal anesthesia, the patients received nerve block via a catheter (20 mL 0.75% ropivacaine was administered initially, followed by intermittent bolus injection of 10 mL 0.2% ropivacaine every 6 hours for 3 days). The catheters were maintained in the exact location of nerve block in 24 patients in the femoral nerve block group and in 19 patients in the adductor canal block group. Data collection was carried out from these 43 patients. To evaluate postoperative pain control, the numerical rating scale scores at rest and 45° flexion of the knee were recorded. To evaluate quadriceps strength, manual muscle testing was performed. Walking ability was assessed using the Timed Up and Go test. We also evaluated analgesic consumption and complications of peripheral nerve block. RESULTS: No significant intergroup difference was observed in the numerical rating scale scores at rest and 45° flexion of the knee on postoperative days 1, 2, 3, and 7. The adductor canal block group had significantly greater quadriceps strength than did the femoral nerve block group, as assessed by manual muscle testing on postoperative days 1, 2, and 3. The 2 groups showed no difference in walking ability on postoperative day 1, but on postoperative days 2, 3, walking ability was significantly better in the adductor canal block group than in the femoral nerve block group. No significant intergroup difference was observed in analgesic consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The groups showed no difference in postoperative pain control. Adductor canal block was superior to femoral nerve block in preserving quadriceps strength and walking ability. However, adductor canal block was inferior to femoral nerve block in maintaining the exact location of the catheter.

Treatment of Unstable Osteochondral Dissecans Lesion of the Knee Joint Using Autologous Osteochondral Plug / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of fixation of the unstable osteochondral dissecans (OCD) lesion with autologous osteochondral plugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in 19 patients who were relevant to the International Cartilage Repair Society 2, 3, or 4 who were treated with autologous osteochondral plugs and followed-up for more than 2 years from January 2004 to January 2012. Clinical evaluation was performed by comparing the preoperative and last follow-up scores of Lysholm score and subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score. RESULTS: All patients were male and the average age was 19.1 years. Of the 19 cases, there were 16 cases of medial femoral condyle lateral side lesion, 2 cases of lateral femoral condyle articular surface, and 1 case of femoral intercondylar notch lesions. The average size of the lesion was 5.68 mm2, and average use of osteochodral plugs were 4.3. Average follow-up period was 38 months. Preoperative Lysholm score, IKDC subjective score showed significant improvement. CONCLUSION: Fixation with autologous osteochondral plugs for unstable OCD uses the remnant tissues therefore conserving it, which is thought to be the positive aspect of this type of operation.

Complications and Short-Term Outcomes of Medial Opening Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy Using a Locking Plate for Medial Osteoarthritis of the Knee

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate complications and radiologic and clinical outcomes of medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) using a locking plate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study reviewed 167 patients who were treated with MOWHTO using a locking plate from May 2012 to June 2014. Patients without complications were classified into group 1 and those with complications into group 2. Medical records, operative notes, and radiographs were retrospectively reviewed to identify complications. Clinically, Oxford Knee score and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome score (KOOS) were evaluated. RESULTS: Overall, complications were observed in 49 patients (29.3%). Minor complications included lateral cortex fracture (15.6%), neuropathy (3.6%), correction loss (2.4%), hematoma (2.4%), delayed union (2.4%), delayed wound healing (2.4%), postoperative stiffness (1.2%), hardware irritation (1.2%), tendinitis (1.2%), and hardware failure without associated symptoms (0.6%). Major complications included hardware failure with associated symptoms (0.6%), deep infection (0.6%), and nonunion (0.6%). At the first-year follow-up, there were no significant differences in radiologic measurements between groups 1 and 2. There were no significant differences in knee scores except for the KOOS pain score. CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that almost all complications of the treatment were minor and the patients recovered without any problems. Most complications did not have a significant impact on radiologic and clinical outcomes.

Analysis of the Factors Affecting Bone Union after Open-Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy and Graft Material for Lateral Cortex Fractures / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze patient factors including smoking, body mass index, correction angle, graft material, presence of lateral cortex fracture, and age for the effect on bone union after open-wedge high tibial osteotomy and the effect of graft material used for lateral cortex fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted on 54 patients and 58 cases with osteoarthritic change Kallgren-Lawrence grade 2 or less from May 2012 to June 2014. Average follow-up period was 22 months (14–38 months). The patients were divided into two groups according to patient related factors and graft materials (allograft, n=6; beta-tricalcium phosphate [β-TCP], n=6) used for lateral cortex fractures and were analyzed for the relationship with bone union after open-wedge high tibial osteotomy. Radiographic and clinic analyses were performed, and van Hemert grading was used for grading bone union at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. RESULTS: The non-smoking group and the group without lateral cortex fracture showed significantly higher bone union rates than the control group. No significant clinical or radiological difference was observed between the two groups in 12 cases and the allograft group showed significantly higher rates of union at 6 months and 1 year postoperatively according to the van Hemert grading. CONCLUSION: Smoking and the presence of a lateral cortex fracture is a risk factor for nonunion in medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy. The use of allograft material rather than β-TCP for lateral cortex fractures is thought to result in better bone union.

Compression of the Popliteal Artery after Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Tibial Inlay Technique

Popliteal artery compression rarely occurs after posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction using the tibial inlay technique that allows for direct visualization of the surgical field. However, we experienced a popliteal artery compression after PCL reconstruction performed using the technique, which eventually required re-operation. Here, we report this rare case and discuss reasons of popliteal artery compression.

Translation and Validation of the Korean Version of the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form

PURPOSE: To perform a cross-cultural adaptation and to test the measurement properties of the Korean version of International Knee Documentation Committee (K-IKDC) Subjective Knee Form. MATERIALS AND METHODS: According to the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation, translation and backward translation of the English version of the IKDC Subjective Knee Form were performed. After translation into the Korean version, 150 patients who had knee-related problems were asked to complete the K-IKDC, Lysholm score, and Short Form-36 (SF-36). Of these patients, 126 were retested 2 weeks later to evaluate test-retest reliability, and 104 were recruited 3 months later to evaluate responsiveness. Construct validity was analyzed by investigating the correlation with Lysholm score and SF-36; content validity was also evaluated. Standardized mean response was calculated for evaluating responsiveness. RESULTS: The test-retest reliability proved excellent with a high value for the intraclass correlation coefficient (r=0.94). The internal consistency was strong (Cronbach's alpha=0.91). Good content validity with absence of floor not ceiling effects and good convergent and divergent validity were observed. Moderate responsiveness was shown (standardized mean response=0.689). CONCLUSIONS: The K-IKDC demonstrated good measurement properties. We suggest that this instrument is an excellent evaluation instrument that can be used for Korean patients with knee-related injuries.

Clinical Results Comparing Transtibial Technique and Outside in Technique in Single Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical results of single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using the conventional transtibial technique and the anatomical outside-in technique for femoral tunneling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2007 to 2011, 89 patients who received ACL reconstruction were followed for > or =1 year were enrolled in the study. The conventional transtibial technique was used in 41 patients and the outside-in technique, in 48 patients. Femoral tunnel angle measurement and three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) were used for radiologic assessment of the location of femoral tunnel and Lysholm score and other tests were used for clinical assessment. RESULTS: Both techniques did not reveal statistical differences in the clinical assessment. However, in International Knee Documentation Committee subjective knee evaluation, the sum of two questionnaire items regarding instability showed a statistically significant difference (p=0.01). In the pivot shift test, the anatomical outside-in technique showed outstanding rotational stability over the transtibial technique (p=0.04). The mean femoral tunnel inclination in coronal plane were 69.2degrees and 30.3degrees, respectively, for both techniques, and 21.6degrees and 50.8degrees, respectively in sagittal plane, showing statistically significant differences on simple radiography (p=0.04, 0.05). A 3D CT was performed in 17 patients with the conventional transtibial technique and 25 patients with the outside-in technique. Coefficients of variation were 0.33 and 0.13, respectively, from dorsal border of the condyle and 0.67 and 0.24, respectively, from the roof of intercondylar notch. CONCLUSIONS: Femoral tunnels created with the outside-in technique have superior knee joint rotational stability compare to the transtibial technique. Therefore, the outside-in technique could be considered as a valuable technique in single-bundle ACL reconstruction.

Clinical Results Associated with Changes of Posterior Tibial Slope in Total Knee Arthroplasty

PURPOSE: The purpose of this retrospective study is to investigate the effect of posterior tibial slope (PTS) on clinical results in total knee replacement arthroplasty (TKA).

Results of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Second Look Arthroscopic Examination: Focus on Graft Material and Age / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: We classified patients who underwent arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction into six groups according to graft material and age, and clinical, radiological, and second look arthroscopic results were compared and analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2006 to December 2009, 57 patients underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction and second look arthroscopic examination. We divided patients according to graft materials into the autogenic hamstring tendon group (group 1) and the allogenic tibialis tendon group (group 2), and according to age into three groups (A, B, and C). The mean age at follow-up for second look arthroscopy was 34 years old. Fifty four patients were male and three patients were female, and mean follow-up period was 21.8 months. The result was clinically evaluated using a KT-1000 arthrometer under anesthesia, and the subjective and objective score of International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), and radiologically evaluated using the Telos(TM) stress test. We observed graft tension, synovialization and gross findings through a second look arthroscopic examination. RESULTS: The clinical and radiographic results in patients in group 1 and group A showed excellent finding, however, no statistically significant difference was observed. Second look arthroscopic examination in group 1 and group A showed excellent finding. In particular, the formation of synovialization showed excellent finding (50% or more synovialization) in 75% of patients in group 1A who were young and used an autogenic tendon graft, and 45% of patients in group 2C (over 50 years old and allogenic graft), and they were significantly different (p=0.046). There was significant difference in that tension of graft was excellent in group 1A (less than 3 mm). Through the IKDC evaluation method, 93% of cases that showed normal formation of synovialization and 50% of cases that showed inadequate formation of synovialization showed 'like normal' abnormality, so that was correlation was observed between synovialization and IKDC evaluation (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients who used autogenic hamstring tendon and who were young showed excellent synovial membrane formation. In the old age group, autogenous graft will be more optimal.

Xanthomas of the Bilateral Achilles Tendon in a Normolipidemic Patient / 대한족부족관절학회지

Xanthoma is a relatively rare soft tissue lesion on the Achilles tendon and is usually associated with hyperlipidemia (lipid metabolism abnormality), mental retardation, cataract and atherosclerotic disease. We report on a case of normolipidemic bilateral Achilles tendon xanthoma without any notable cause. We herein describe the case where we achieved a satisfactory result by subtotal resection.

The Fate of Butterfly Fragments in Extremity Shaft Comminuted Fractures Treated with Closed Interlocking Intramedullary Nailing

PURPOSE: For conservative treatment of shaft fractures, the butterfly fragments that were somewhat larger in the closed intra-medullary (IM) nailing. The results of treatment were monitored using radiography separately for the weight-bearing femur and non-weight-bearing humerus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 27 from Group I and 31 from Group II. In the two groups, the displacement and angulation changes in the fragments, and the degree of improvement of these two factors, were compared using follow-up radiography. RESULTS: The mean angulation of fragments in Groups I and II were 9.2degrees and 9.6degrees, and the mean degree of displacement of the fragments in Groups I and II were 16.7 mm and 21.2 mm, respectively. Follow-up radiography showed that the above factors improved in both groups. The degree of displacement was significantly lower in the normal cases than in the complicated cases (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Displacement and angulation gradually improved in both groups. It was found that the degree of displacement after the initial reduction is more important than the influence of anatomical position or weight bearing. This indicates that care should be taken when inserting IM nails to prevent displacement or angulation.

Management of Focal Chondral Lesion in the Knee Joint

Articular cartilage does not contain vascular, nervous and lymphatic tissue and chondrocytes hardly participate in the healing or repair process of chondral tissue because of being surrounded by plenty of extracellular matrix. Therefore, the injury to articular cartilage frequently requires an operative treatment. The goal of surgical repair of articular cartilage is to regenerate nearly normal chondral tissue and prevent degenerative arthritis caused by the articular cartilage defect. Microfracture is a kind of cartilage repair procedure that makes a fibrin clot containing mesenchymal stem cells in the chondral lesion. Microfracture is a simple procedure but it has a disadvantage that the repaired tissue is fibrocartilage. Autologous chondrocyte implantation has an advantage that it implants fully differentiated chondrocytes to the lesion, which theoretically produces hyaline cartilage. Its disadvantages are that it is a two stage and a costly procedure. Osteochondral autograft transplantation is a one stage procedure and repairs the lesion with hyaline cartilage. But its limitation is the lack of donor site availability. Surgeons who understand the theoretical background, indications, surgical methods, rehabilitation, complications, and clinical course of cartilage repair procedures can achieve the goal of preventing degenerative arthritis.

The Pattern of Use of Oral NSAIDs with or without Co-prescription of Gastroprotective Agent for Arthritic Knee by Korean Practitioners

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the patterns of use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for arthritic knees in clinical practice, particularly focusing on the co-prescription of gastroprotective agents for patients with risk factors for adverse gastrointestinal (GI) events. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Each cross-sectional cohort was a group of outpatients visiting 111 physicians who had prescribed NSAIDs for the patients' arthritic knees for more than three consecutive months. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by each patient and physician. RESULTS: Nine hundred and forty five patients (48%) of the whole 1,960 patients belonged to the group with a high or very high risk for NSAID-induced gastropathy determined by northern California Health Maintenance Organization guidelines. Overall, only less than half of the patients were given co-prescription of gastroprotective agents, regardless of the presence or absence of GI symptoms and irrespective of the level of risk for NSAID-induced gastropathy. CONCLUSIONS: The physician prescribing NSAIDs for arthritic knees should monitor any GI symptoms and the patient monitor anylevel for NSAIDinduced gastropathy, and be willing to add gastroprotective agents as necessary in order to prevent serious adverse GI events.

ACL Reconstruction with Autologous Hamstring Tendon: Comparison of Short Term Clinical Results between Rigid-fix and PINN-ACL Cross Pin

PURPOSE: To compare the short term clinical results of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with autologous hamstring tendon between Rigid-fix and PINN-ACL Cross Pin for femoral side fixation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 127 patients who underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using autologous hamstring tendon and had been followedup for over than one year were enrolled for the present study. Rigid-fix was used in 71 cases (group 1), and PINN-ACL Cross Pin was used in 56 cases (group 2). Clinical and radiological results, operation time, and perioperative complications were compared amongst the two groups. RESULTS: The International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score and Lysholm score were 94 and 95 in group 1 and 87 and 91 in group 2, with no statistical difference (p=0.892, p=0.833), respectively. However, significant difference was observed in one-leg hop test between the two groups (p=0.032). Five cases in group 1 and 40 cases in group 2 were found to be associated with perioperative complications with statistical difference (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: There was no resultant difference between the employment of PINN-ACL Cross Pin and Rigid-fix as femoral graft fixation for ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon. However, PINN-ACL Cross Pin led to complications with extensive operation times. Hence, it needs further improvement of tools for minimization of complications.

A Comparison of Patella Retention versus Resurfacing for Moderate or Severe Patellar Articular Defects in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Minimum 5-year Follow-up Results

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to assess the clinical and radiological results of patients who underwent patellar retention or resurfacing for moderate or severe patellar articular defects during total knee arthroplasty and evaluate the clinical efficacy of patellar resurfacing according to the articular defect of the patella. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 2003 to March 2006, 252 patients (277 cases) underwent total knee arthroplasty by one surgeon. Intraoperatively, we divided these patients into a moderate articular defect group (50-75%: group I) and a severe articular defect group (75-100%: group II) and randomly performed patellar resurfacing. The average age was 67.2 years. There were 234 female and 17 male patients. The average follow-up period was 74.6 months. Clinical outcomes were analyzed using the Knee Society (KS) knee score. Functional score, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score, Feller patellar score and range of motion (ROM). Radiological outcomes were analyzed using the congruence angle, Insall-Salvati ratio and patella tilt angle. RESULTS: The KS knee score and functional score at the last follow-up were 84.4/73.1 in the retention group and 85.2/71.8 in the resurfacing group (p=0.80, p=0.63) in group I. In group II, the values were 82.1/75.1 and 87.0/71.2, respectively (p=0.51, p=0.26). The HSS score and Feller patella score were 86.7/20.3 in the retention group and 84.3/21.7 in the resurfacing group (p=0.31, p=0.29) in group I. In group II, the values were 91.6/21.2 and 85.5/22.1, respectively (p=0.37/p=0.30). The knee ROM (p=0.36/p=0.41), congruence angle (p=0.22/p=0.16), Insall-Salvati ratio (p=0.16/p=0.21) and patella tilt angle (p=0.12/p=0.19) were not statistically different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we could not find any correlations between the degree of patellar articular defect and patellar resurfacing in terms of the clinical and radiological results. Therefore, patellar articular defects is thought to be less meaningful in determining patellar resurfacing.