ABSTRACT
Aims and Objectives: To find out the correlation between maximum length of femur and its proximal & distal fragments. and to formulate regression equation for estimation of stature from maximum femoral length. Materials and methods: This study consists 50 femur (27 of right side & 23 of left side). The maximum length of femur, proximal (P1,P2,P3,P4) and distal (D1,D2,D3,D4) measurements was taken with help of osteometric board and by vernier calliper. Results: The correlation found in P1,P2,P3,P4, D1,D4 on right side femur and P2, P3, P4, D1, D4 on left side femur. The strongest correlation observed in the D4 on right femur and P2 of left femur. The result obtained were analysed and derived regression equation between maximum femoral length and its proximal and distal fragments. Conclusion: The positive correlation between maximum femoral length and its proximal and distal fragments and regression equations derived in this study helpful to estimate stature in Medico-legal investigations and in Anthropometry.
ABSTRACT
The major blood supply to long bones occurs through the nutrient arteries, which enter through the nutrient foramina. This supply is essential during the growing period, during the early phases of ossification, and in procedures such as bone grafts, tumor resections, traumas, congenital pseudoarthrosis, and in transplant techniques in orthopaedics. The present study analyzed the location, direction, size and the number of nutrient foramina in the diaphysis of 180 long bones of the upper limbs of adults: 60 humerus, 60 radius, 60 ulna. The location of the nutrient foramina is predominant on the anterior aspect of the upper limb long bones. The majority of the bones studied had a single nutrient foramen, which may represent a single source of blood supply. The mean foraminal index for the upper limb bones was 55.4% for the humerus, 34.7% for the radius, and 36.0% for the ulna. This study recorded data that may help in surgical procedures and in the interpretation of radiological images.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Foramen transversaria are located on transverse processes of each cervical vertebra and transmit the vertebral artery, vertebral vein, and sympathetic nerves. These foramina are known to exhibit variations in size, shape and numbers and may be absent, incomplete or duplicate, which may lead to various symptoms. Their etiology is related with the variations in the course of vertebral artery due to developmental reasons. Objective: The present study was conducted to find the incidence of accessory foramina transversaria in the cervical spine.The recognition of these variations provide accurate and safety for the posterior surgical approaches of the cervical spine. Methodology: 210 dry cervical vertebrae of both sexes were studied in the Department of Anatomy, GCS Medical College, Ahmedabad. During our study we excluded all broken, damaged cervical vertebrae and observed the variations of foramen transversarium both in right and left transverse process of each cervical vertebra. Result: Variations in foramina were found unilaterally as well as bilaterally. 34 (16.19%) out of total 210 vertebrae studied presented accessory foramen transversarium. Conclusion: Variations in foramina may indicate, the variation in course of vertebral artery.The present study has important clinical implications for head and neck and vascular surgeons and radiologists
ABSTRACT
Background: The position and its morphological variations of Mental Foramen are very important because it will be helpful to localize the important maxillofacial neurovascular bundle passing through. It is landmark to facilitate surgical, local anaesthetic and other invasive procedures for dental surgeons performing peri-apical surgery in the mental region of mandible. Aims & Objective: To Study morphological and morphometric analysis of mental foramen in dry human mandibles. Material and Methods: 50 dried adult human mandibles with complete dentition and intact alveolar margin of unknown sex were used for this study. The shape of MF observed was either oval or rounded. The morphometric measurements which were recorded using Vernier callipers. Results: The most commonly present position of the MF as related to the lower set of teeth was in line with the second premolar, i.e. Type 4 (64.7 % cases on the right and 66.7 % cases on the left side). Next common position was Type 3, i.e. between the premolars (21.6% on right and 19.6% on the left sides. The mean distance between symphysis mentii and anterior margin of MF was 23.3 mm and 22.5 mm, on the right and left sides respectively. Mean distance between posterior margin of MF and posterior border of ramus was 61.3 mm on the right side and 62.5 mm on the left side. Conclusion: The present study reveals valuable insights on the information concerning the morphology of mental foramen in various populations and races. The knowledge of the distances from surgically encountered anatomical landmarks in the present study provide valuable information to dental surgeons that will facilitate effective localization of the neurovascular bundle passing through mental foramen thus avoiding complications from local anaesthetic, surgical and other invasive procedures.