ABSTRACT
COVID‑19 infections despite complete vaccination are called breakthrough infections. Breakthrough infections may decrease the vaccination confidence among people. This study was conducted soon after the Covishield vaccine was approved for use in J and K to find out the incidence of breakthrough infections among the recipients of the Covishield vaccine at SKIMS and to find out the associated factors. List of beneficiaries (between February 14, and May 15, 2021) was obtained from the records. Information was gathered telephonically. Incidence of breakthrough infections 6‑month postvaccination was determined. Among 919 participants, the incidence of breakthrough infections was 2.7% (25 cases). The medical profession was associated with a higher frequency of breakthrough infections. Most infections were mild to moderate (96%). One (4%) person required hospitalization. Thus, COVID‑19 infections can occur despite complete vaccination. Increased exposure places an individual at higher risk of breakthrough infections. Therefore, where exposure is high, COVID‑appropriate behavior should be followed despite being vaccinated.
ABSTRACT
Background: Blood and blood component plays a key role in health-care management. Even after enormous efforts, there is no substitute available. Blood is a scarce resource and blood wastage could impose a very serious impact on health care. Objective: The current study was conducted to determine rate and reasons for wastage of blood and its blood components. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in one of the largest standalone blood centers of West India. Data were retrieved from indigenous Integrated Blood Bank Management System software. The data were analyzed for a period of 12 months, from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019. Results: The total collection of blood units during the study period was 30,960 units. As per the policy of blood center, all the blood units were subjected to component separation with preparation with 88,973 components, including red cells, platelet concentrates (PLT), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), cryoprecipitate (CRYO) cryo-poor plasma (CPP), and single donor platelet (SDP). A total of 2637 blood and blood components (2.96%) were discarded during the study period. Discard rate among blood and blood component as per separation was found whole blood 0.99%, red blood cells 2.28%, FFP 1.88%, PLT 4.66%, CRYO 3.88%, CPP 1.25%, and SDP 0.47%, respectively. Among total discard rates, the major reason is seroreactivity of blood donor (1.11%), followed by expiry (0.67%), quality checks (0.29%), clotted bag (0.03%), Direct antiglobulin test (DAT/DCT) positivity (0.00%), and other causes (0.06%). Conclusion: Worldwide comprehensive standards have been formulated to ensure better quality control in each step of blood transfusion service including collection, storage, testing, and distribution of blood and components. To prevent wastage of rare commodity, continued medical education for technical staff, self-audit, and tracking quality indicators for the blood components is highly recommended.
ABSTRACT
Background: In the dental field, patient satisfaction played a very important role, specifically finding the strength and weakness in the dental clinic. It also assists in improving the quality of treatment as well as better future planning of treatment. Objective: The present study was planned and conducted with an objective to assess the level of satisfaction among patients attending the outpatient department in a private dental hospital. Materials and Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional, and questionnaire-based study was undertaken in a private dental hospital. Patients of age more than 18 years and of both gender attending outdoor patient department were included in the study. For the purpose of this survey, consecutive sampling was carried out until a sample size of 200 was achieved. The patient satisfaction was assessed using dental satisfaction survey 2002 – questionnaire. Results: Among 31 items, none of the respondents indicated strong agreement or disagreement for 30 items, only for one item, item no. 14 regarding the explanation of cost, respondents indicated strong agreement (106, 53.00%). More than 40% of respondents indicated strong agreement (indicating satisfaction) with the statement for seven items. None of the items have <10% of respondents indicated strong agreement. The respondents expressing strong disagreement (indicating dissatisfaction) with any statement was <10% on 23 of the 31 items. The inter-item reliability of all 31 items of the questionnaire was tested, and the overall satisfaction scale (all items 1–31) produced a high Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.92. Conclusion: Patients’ satisfaction was observed not only for overall satisfaction but also in all sub-scales – context, content, outcome, cost, and facilities.