interrelation of calcium oxalate crystalluria and ionic product of calcium oxalate in renal calculus cases

The incidence of crystalluria in random urine samples of patients and subjects was measured microscopically. The overall incidence of calcium oxalate crystallurisa was high in patients but not significant. The ionic product of calcium oxalate was significantly high in patients as compared to controls. The 24 hours urinary calcium oxalate ionic product and crystalluria excretion was higher in patients than in controls, which may show the role of some inhibitors of crystal formation and its growth in control groups. Therefore, it is suggested that some urinary ions retard the mineralizing and crystallisation rate of calcium oxalate

Role of different etiological factors in renal calculus disease

This study was carried out to investigate the various etiological factors in renal calculus disease. A total of 60 patients of renal calculus disease and 30 matched healthy controls were studied. Nephrolithiasis was more prevalent in males with the male to females ratio was 1.6:1. The overall mean serum level of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sodium and potassium were not significantly different except BUN and creatinine, which were significantly increased in patients, indicating some impairment of renal function. The urinary, specific gravity, volume, sodium, urea, calcium, uric acid, protein, oxalate and ionic product of calcium oxalate of calculus former significantly varied as compared to controls. Hypercalciuria was found in 19[31.7%] patients as compared to 4[13.3%] controls. The overall calcium and oxalate excretion was 266 +/- 23.26 mg/24 hrs and 51.26 +/- 4.35. The chemical analysis of renal calculi showed that 70% patients had pure calcium oxalate, while others are mixed. The incidence of calcium oxalate crystalluria was highest. It is concluded that low urinary pH, volume, reduced inorganic phosphorus and low sodium excretion and calcium, oxalate, and uric acid excretion, higher specific gravity, ionic product of calcium oxalate are the biochemical risk factors of upper tract urolithiasis. It is recommended that prophylactic measures should be adopted to minimise the risk of stone formation and recurrence

role of urinary oxalate excretion in renal calculogenesis

The present study was undertaken with the aim to determine the role urinary oxalate excretion in renal lithiasis. The study was conducted on 60 renal calculus patients admitted in various Government Hospital of Lahore during the period from April to August 1996. Thirty normal subjects, with matched age and sex, were also included in this study, as a control group. Majority of the patients, 58 [97.7%], belonged to low and middle socio-economic classes. The mean daily excretion of oxalate in patients was significantly higher [P< 0.01] as compared to control group with a mean of 35.9 +/- 2.54 mg. moderate hyperoxaluria [24 hours oxalate excretion > 45 mg/day] was seen in significantly higher number of patients [25 out of 60], as compared to controls [5 out of 30]. The daily urinary oxalate was high in patients had pure calcium oxalate calcui and mixed calcium oxalate and uric acid calcui [with calcium oxalate as main component] as compared to patients with other renal calculi components. The ionic product of calcium oxalate was significantly higher [P< 0.01] in patients than controls. In the study the mean calcium excretion was 21.6% higher in the patients than the controls subjects, whereas oxalate excretion was 25% higher, which is statistically significant. These results suggest that increased oxalate excretion may be as important as increased calcium excretion in the aetiology of calcium oxalate calculus. The measurement of urinary oxalate and calcium is clearly useful in the management of calcium oxalate calculus formers

role of serum and urinary calcium levels in renal lithiasis

Serum and urinary calcium levels play a major role in the aetio-pathogenesis of renal stone formation. In this study, serum and 24 hours urinary calcium of 30 healthy controls and 60 patients of renal lithiasis were studied. The mean age of controls and patients was 34.9 [range 3-60 years] and 37.5 years [range 3 to 70 years] respectively. The male to female ratio of controls and patients was 1.6:1 and 1.5:1 respectively. Chemical analysis of stones showed 42 [70.0%] were pure calcium oxalate, 2 [3.3%] pure uric acid, while the others were mixed stones. Calcium was found in 58 [96.7%] stones. The overall mean +/- SE of serum calcium among the controls and patients was 9.43 +/- 0.14 and 9.46 +/- 0.15 respectively, which is statistically not significant. Although the overall values of calcium of controls and patients was similar, its distribution of concentration showed that 1[3.3%] control and 11[18.3%] patients were hypercalcemic, while 4 [13.3%] controls and 19[31.7%] patients were found hypercalciuric. Idiopathic hyper-calciuria was found in 3[10%] of controls as compared to 8[13.3%] patients. As hypercalciuria is the more common laboratory finding compared to hypercalcaemia among these renal stone patients, so routine screening of 24 hours urinary calcium is valuable in diagnosis and aetiology of calcium-containing renal stones

Still birth rate in district head quarter hospital Abbottabad

This retrospective study was done at District Headquarter Hospital, Abbottabad. The prevalence of still birth was studied among 853 infants born in maternity ward of DHQ Hospital, Abbottabad during two and a half years. The still birth rate observed was 112.5/1000. The rate was higher among multigravida and in females of more than 35 years age. The prominent aetiological factors were multiparity prolonged and obstructed labour and antepartum haemorrhage

Incidence of urinary tract infection during pregnancy

Incidence of Urinary tract infection was determined in 164 pregnant women presented at DHQ Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad. The cases with significant bacteriuria [> 10 5 organisms/ml of Urine] were 9.7% of total. 76% of the patients were less than 30 years of age with mean of 28 years. In the symptomatic group the frequency of UTI was 12.5% while in the asymptomatic group it was about 4.0%. Pyuria was found in 13.4% of the total cases. Albumin and Glucose in Urine were found to be 6% and 3% respectively. The organisms isolated were E. Coli [56.3%] Staphylococcus [25.0%] Klebsiella Spp [12.5%] and proteus Spp [6.2%]. Most of them were sensitive to Minocin, gentamicin, claforan, whereas the sensitivity to Amoxil, Dalacin, Fosfomycin and Doxycyclin was variable