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Background: The lumbar spine, or low back, is a remarkably well-engineered structure of interconnecting bones, joints, nerves, ligaments, and muscles all working together to provide support, strength, and flexibility. However, this complex structure also leades the low back susceptible to injury and pain. To find out the correlations among plain radiographic findings of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration, abdominal aortic calcification & CT findings of pineal gland calcification in low back pain subjects. Material & Methods:This observational analytical study was carried out in the Department of Radiology and imaging of the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2012. A total of 100 subjects attending the department of Radiology and imaging, BIRDEM for X-ray of the Lumbosacral spine and CT scan of the brain with low back pain were enrolled first for the study. A complete history was taken either from the patient or accompanying attendants. Relevant investigations reports were collected. All the information was recorded in the data collection sheet. Collected data were classified, edited, coded and entered into the computer for statistical analysis by using SPSS-23.Results:The mean age of study subjects was 61.26 years with a standard deviation of the mean (SD) of 13.34 years and their age ranged from 41 to 74 years. It was observed that nearly two-thirds (61.7%) of the subjects were male and 38.3% were female and the male-female ratio was 1.6:1. It was seen that majority of the subjects had a density of the Pineal gland ranging from +51 to +150 HU. Only 4 subjects had a density of Pineal gland ranging from +351 to +1000 HU. Meant SD density of the Pineal gland among a total of 30 subjects was 136.98164.11 HU. In Group X, the density of Pineal Gland was 83,57 14.45 HU. The density of the Pineal gland was 134.65±13.23HU and 151.66+21.32 HU in Group Y and Group Z respectively. Some parameters of the degenerative disc disease and aortic wall calcification. had a significant positive association with calcification. with the density of Pineal gland calcification.Conclusions:The study was undertaken to find out the Correlation between lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration, abdominal aortic calcification on plain X-ray and Pineal gland calcification at CT in low back pain subjects. The data obtained showed that the density of pineal gland calcification is statistically significant with increasing age. There was also a positive association between intradiscal calcification and density of pineal gland calcification, but no significant association among other parameters with the density of pineal gland calcification
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Background: Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia, a rare but well-known disorder, has been remarkably resistant to all types of therapy designed to promote healing. Successful treatment consists of the union of the pseudarthrosis and maintenance of that union without malunion, re-fracture, or excessive shortening (<2cm) of the leg. The principle of treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) with the Ilizarov method corrects all angular deformities and maximizes the cross-sectional area of the pseudarthrosis. Nineteen patients with a total of 19 CPT were treated using the Ilizarov apparatus. CPT is the most perplexing challenging pediatric orthopaedic problem especially when the patient of below years of age and has a history of the previous operations and tibia narrow and osteoporotic. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of treatment of CPT by the Ilizarov method. Material & Methods:The prospective study was done from July 2008 to June 2010 at the National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic Rehabilitation, Dhaka. Various forces were used to treat the pseudarthrosis site including compression, distraction, open reduction, resection and shortening, resection and bone transport, and a temporary intramedullary k-wire given through calcaneum and talus into the tibial medullary cavity.Results:Lengthening was performed in all except one of the 19 patients. One patient had developed nonunion in both the pseudarthrosis site and proximal corticotomy site. The deformity was tried to correct in all cases. The union rate was 94.73% with one treatment. There were three early re-fracture. Eight patients. had a persistent residual deformity of ankle valgus from 5-9 degrees and five patients had residual angular deformity at the pseudarthrosis site from 5-10 degrees.Conclusions:One patient’s angulation degree required revision surgery, Ilizarov. All patients were given Previous sites, residual angular deformity, and natural history were considered predisposing factors for re-fracture. Two re-fractures united with months (range 10 months). This technique produced initial pseudarthrosis with the correction associated with deformity inequality. angulation and valgus.
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Introduction: Primary maternal rubella virus infectionduring the first trimester of pregnancy carries a high risk fordevelopment of congenital rubella syndrome. According tothe estimate of World Health Organization, worldwide morethan 100,000 children are born with CRS each year. Mostof these children are born in developing countries. Severalguidelines suggest routine rubella serology testing in womentrying for pregnancy. Objectives: This study was conductedto assess immunity (seroprevalence) to rubella among Indianwomen of childbearing age attending subfertility clinic and toobserve the trend over the years.Material and methods: Women attending subfertility clinichad serum sample tested to determine the seropositivityas part of subfertility work up. Rubella seropositivity wasdetermined by estimating IgG antibodies to rubella virus usingCLIA method.Results: The study period was from January 2011 to December2018. Three hundred and seventy seven women were testedfor estimation of Rubella IgG. Overall seronegativity was29.4%. Interestingly this seronegativity rate was very similarover the study period, demonstrating overall nearly one-thirdof the subfertile women were susceptible to rubella.Conclusion: These observations indicate high rubellasusceptibility among women in the childbearing age grouptrying for pregnancy. There is a need for detection ofseroprevalence in subfertile population in Eastern India; sothat appropriate vaccination can prevent this preventabletragedy of perinatal / neonatal morbidity. Further study isneeded to determine the magnitude of problem in other settings(Government hospital, rural population, low socioeconomicstatus).
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Introduction: Insulin resistance is more frequent atprogressively declining glomerular filtration rate levels and isalmost universal in end-stage kidney failure. Multiple studieshave also demonstrated that 1,25(OH)2D administrationimproves glucose metabolism in patients with chronic kidneydisease (CKD). The present study was carried out with an aimto assess insulin resistance and to find an association betweeneGFR, insulin resistance, and vitamin D levels in patients withchronic kidney disease.Material and Methods: This Cross-sectional study wasconducted in a tertiary care academic hospital. Subjects withage ≥18 years; and estimated GFR <60 mL/min/1.73m2 wererecruited. CKD was characterized as an estimated glomerularfiltration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73m2 using a CockcroftGault equation. Insulin Resistance was assessed using theHOMA: HOMA-IR. Quantitative measurement of 25-OHvitamin D in serum and plasma samples was done usingChemiflex.Results: Among sixty-four enrolled subjects, 53.1% hadinsulin resistance. Insulin resistance showed an inverserelationship with eGFR (r= -0.50, p< 0.001), and metabolicacidosis (r= -0.39, p<0.001) while, it has no relation withvitamin D levels (r= -0.01, p<0.90). The study also showsthat BMI (OR 1.43, 95% CI 0.99-2.07, p=0.05), waistcircumference (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.10-1.72, p=0.005), andmetabolic acidosis (OR 5.71, 95% CI 1.85-17.61, p=0.002)were independently related to insulin resistance.Conclusion:The present study shows that eGFR and metabolicacidosis has an inverse association with insulin resistancein CKD patients. The study also shows that BMI, waistcircumference, and metabolic acidosis were independentlyrelated to insulin resistance.
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Health status of children is an important and sensitive indicator of overall health of entire community. Majority of the illnesses in under-five children can be prevented through available measures. Childhood mortality is distributed in an extremely uneven manner, not only between the regions and countries but also within countries. High child mortality in India is due to multiple factors and their interactions. These determinants include social, economic, biological and demographic factors. Globally, the four major causes of mortality in under-five children are pneumonia, diarrhoeal diseases, pre-term birth complications, and birth asphyxia.METHODSA cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Urban Training Health Centre of Katihar medical college, Katihar, Bihar, for 2 months from Feb-2018 to April-2018. Selection of children was done by simple random sampling. Three hundred under five children were selected from the field area to identify ten risk factors. A pre-designed, pre-tested study schedule was used to collect data in which both open and close ended questions were included. Privacy and confidentiality were maintained for mothers of under-five children under present study. Anthropometric and clinical examinations of these children were performed to assess the risk factors under study. Shakir’s Tape was used to measure mid-arm circumference and Salter’s scale for weight. All data were collected and analysed using Microsoft Excel and Epi Info software 3.4.3. Results were calculated using percentages.RESULTSIn our present study, thirty percent mothers were illiterate. Most mothers (64%) were housewives. Two-thirds of these children belonged to lower class and 28.6% to upper class families. Nearly 70% children suffered from respiratory infections in the last one year. Acute respiratory tract infections were more common than gastrointestinal infections. Severe malnutrition was observed in 16% children. About 50% children were malnourished.CONCLUSIONSHealth workers, especially in rural areas should be trained properly, so that they can identify risk factors for under-five children. There should be special provisions of health care facilities for under-five children. Necessary information, education and communication campaigns are needed to decrease infant and under-five morbidity and mortality. It is recommended that there is an urgent need and scope for operationalization of ‘at-risk’ under-five children through enhancement of staff competence and providing necessary logistic support
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Objective: To evaluate the auto apical reverse motion of Tri Auto ZX at working length determined by Dentaport Root ZX. Study design: Cross-sectional design. Place and duration of study: Department of Operative Dentistry, Islamic International Dental College, and the duration of study was 6 months. Materials and methods: Total 72 extracted teeth were used in the present study and standard access cavities were prepared in all the teeth. For in vitro working of Dentaport Root ZX and Tri Auto ZX an apparatus was designed which used normal saline as the conducting medium to ensure free movement of ions between electrodes of electronic apex locator (EAL). Working length was measured electronically using Dentaport Root ZX and noted as Electronic length (EL). The canals were then prepared using Protpaer files till F2 using Tri Auto ZX and the length at which it starts auto apical revere motion (AAR) was noted as AAR. Results: EL showed a mean of 14.69 ± 1.137 mm and SD of 1.137. Measurement at which Tri Auto ZX started its AAR motion showed that the minimum length of canal was 12.5 mm and maximum length was 17.5 mm with a mean of 14.687 ± 1.089 and SD of 1.087. The difference of root canal length measurements taken by EL and AAR motion of Tri Auto ZX showed a minimum difference of -1.5 mm and a maximum of 1 mm with mean difference of -0.014 ± 0.4819 mm. Out of 72 extracted teeth that were used in the present study the difference between EL and AAR was insignificant (p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study it was also established that not only Root ZX is capable of correct determination of the working length but its canal preparation module i.e. Tri Auto ZX is also capable of preparing the canal at the length determined by Root ZX.
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Computer-Aided Amphibian Laboratory (CAAL) means that experiments can be teached any time the computer is accessible; no laboratory technical help is required to set up the lab. The learning potential using computer simulation is tremendous. The Computer Assisted Amphibian Lab (CAAL) has the technology, classes and knowledgeable staff to help students in our Developmental Education. Various Software programs sharpen their skills. Various videos related to frog dissection and rabbit gut experiments provide a better understanding of experiments. Many medical institutes have shifted to techniques which minimize sacrifice of animals. MCI has given liberal permission to use these programs and has also invited faculty to build such programs for future use. OBJECTIVES:- The objectives of this study were to assess the benefits of computer assisted learning in amphibian lab and to compare the computer assisted teaching with other teaching methodologies. Methods: Total 70 students of MBBS from Glocal Medical College, Glocal University, Saharanpur were provided a self made questionnaire regarding the feedback about Computer Assisted Amphibian Lab. All students were taken from MBBS second prof. batch 2016. Questionnaire consisted of 10 questions out of which 9 were according to Likert scale and one multiple choice question. Data was analysed manually. Results: 1) When asked about the most beneficial method for teaching in CAAL lab; 36.45% students answered that they prefer online videos related to experiment shown on computer via website. 27% students answered that they prefer chalk and talk while 25% students preferred Computer assisted learning with predesigned softwares and only 9.37% students preferred teaching with powerpoint presentation. Conclusion: CAAL is a better alternative than mere teaching in the absence of animal experiments.
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Introduction: The Right to Information Act 2005 is asignificant development in Indian Democratic fabric. ItProvides a platform for Citizens where they have the right togain access to information which is under Public authority. Theaccess to information under the RTI act 2005 includes a rightto obtain Personal medical information generated within thehospitals and their research projects. The citizens are utilizingthe tool of RTI in health care services which has resulted inimproved care and better management of health centers. ThePresent study was conducted in 794 bedded tertiary careteaching hospital with an aim to find out the profile and patternof applications received through RTI act protocol.Material and Methods: This hospital record basedprospective observational study was carried out in Sherikashmir institute of medical sciences (SKIMS), a tertiary carehospital from October 2016 to February 2018. All the RTIapplications received during the study period were selectedfor the study. The data was collected by an investigator afterscrutiny of received applications and was verified from thedesignated PIO.Results: Among 119 applications, 115 cases (96.6%) weresolved by providing required information Among 115 resolvedRTI applications, majority i.e 47(40.8%) of cases wereresolved between 15-30 days, the process of 46 (40%) RTIapplications was expedited by issuing only one (1) reminderto concerned quarters, 105 cases were concluded at PIO levelwhile 10 applicants appealed to First appellant authority (FAA)which happened to be the Medical superintendent of Hospital,most of the applications were for Policy and Personal section(50, 42.01%), most common subject matter was informationregarding a Hospital staff member (21, 17.64%) and amongthe queries, most were information inquiry (83%, 69.74%).Conclusions: Healthcare personnel must acquire, process,store, retrieve and transfer clinical, administrative andfinancial health information. Privacy and confidentiality areimportant issues and their protection in the fiduciary doctorpatient relationship encourages citizens to seek necessarymedical care and disclosure of information is vital if largerpublic interest is involved.
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Background: The pattern of levels of calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D levels among the patients with thalassemia major undergoing repeated blood transfusions remain unexplored. Only very few studies have been undertaken among Indian population. The present study was an attempt to determine the levels of calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D levels among thalassemia major patients undergoing repeated multiple transfusions.Methods: In a prospective observational study, 65 patients suffering from ?-thalassemia major, aged 2-18 years, having undergone regular blood transfusion and chelation therapy, were evaluated for the levels of serum calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D and the values were compared to the standard values of the same.Results: The mean values of serum calcium (6.72'0.66), phosphorous (5.51'1.07) and vitamin D (13.12'2.9) were significantly lower in our patients as compared to that of standard population values, the difference in each being statistically significant (p<0.05).Conclusions: It is evident from the present study that the levels of calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D are deficient among ?-thalassemia major patients on repeated blood transfusion. The deficiencies may be due to iron overload or due to nutritional deficiency. Frequent monitoring and supplementation in deficient states is recommended.
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Introduction: Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are agroup of fulminant infections which can involve any part of thesoft tissue with high mortality rate. Hence, it requires promptrecognition and management consisting of critical care supportand widespread surgical debridement.Methods: The present study summarizes the epidemiology,clinical features, risk factors and treatment principles used tomanage cases of NSTIs in a Tertiary care hospital of Delhi.Results: NSTI was found to be more prevalent in males(72.06%), 66.17% of the cases were those who were alreadysuffering from comorbidities. A high mortality rate of 20.59%was observed in the study.Conclusion: Diagnosis is deciding factor for overall positiveoutcome in these cases, which is usually made on the basis ofclinical history, physical findings and high index of suspicion.Overall management needs a multidisciplinary approach.
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Background: Approximately 15 % of couples are affected by infertility, which is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to evaluate congenital Müllerian duct anomalies and to diagnose adenomyosis, leiomyoma and endometriosis. MRI-hysterosalpingography (MR-HSG) in addition to conventional MRI (with/without contrast) is effectively used in diagnosing the tubal and uterine cause of infertilities. Materials and methods: The purpose of study was to evaluate the ability of magnetic resonance hysterosalpingography to evaluate fallopian tube patency and evaluate cause of infertility. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Forty two women with infertility were recruited between 2017 and 2018. Eighteen out of 42 patients had already underwent conventional hysterosalpingography. MRI was performed on a 1.5-T System, using a phased array surface coil. Results: About 32 patients showed bilateral tubal patency. Six patients showed bilateral tubal occlusion on MR HSG. 2 patients had unilateral tubal occlusion. 7 patients had ovarian endometriosis, 6 had leiomyomas, 2 patients had mullerian anomalies, 3 patients had features of polycystic ovarian disease and 5 patients had multifactorial etiology. No cause could be found in 9 patients. Conclusion: MR-HSG is a feasible, useful, innovative and well tolerated tool for the assessment of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and extra-uterine structures. MR-HSG is a new promising imaging approach to female infertility. MR-HSG scanning can be helpful in demonstrating tubal patency even in patients with documented tubal blockage on conventional HSG.
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BACKGROUND: Diabetic kidney disease is a common and severe microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). There are limited data regarding alteration of urine parameters other than proteinuria among DM patients. METHODS: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to May 2017 to assess alteration of urine parameters among DM patients at the University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A Systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit adult (â¥18 years) diabetic participants. Data were collected after ethical requirements had been fulfilled. The degree of association between variables was evaluated through bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: The majority (69.4%) of the study participants were type 2 DM patients. The prevalence of altered urine chemical parameters was 11.3% proteinuria, 4.5% ketonuria, 13.6% hematuria, 53.8% glucosuria, 24.9% leukocyturia and 1.7% positive for nitrite. Diastolic blood pressure and poor glycemic control were significantly associated with proteinuria. Male participants were 2.4 times more likely to have leukocyturia than female participants. The prevalence of abnormally increased microscopic findings was red blood cells 3.1%, white blood cells 12.5%, epithelial cells 27.5%, yeast cells 1.7%, bacteria 17.8%, casts 3.7% and crystals 29.2%. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of altered urine parameters among DM patients is found to be considerable. These increased prevalences of altered urine parameters are potential indicators for diabetic kidney disease
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Diabetes Mellitus , Diabetic Nephropathies , Ethiopia , Patients , ProteinuriaABSTRACT
The objective of the study was to estimate the fluoride content in regular food items available, including fish, in a coastal area of the South Karnataka state of India. Materials and Methods: Fish and food samples were collected from a local market, i.e., Deralakatte, Mangalore of Karnataka State, India. Commonly consumed different species of fish (eight types are included in the study) and popular food items (twelve types) were collected through a random sampling strategy and then processed for the study. The flesh and bones of fish were separated from individual fish. Samples of flesh, bones, and food (nonfish, vegetarian food consumed by a proportion of Karnataka population) were homogenized separately, dried, and the pH of the processed samples was adjusted to neutrality (pH 7.0). Fluoride anion was determined using a fluoride ion selective electrode (ISE, Nico2000 Ltd., UK). Although the ingredients of the different fish and food items explored differed, the same processing technique and analytical laboratory bench-work procedure were performed for each sample, i.e., as per published research elsewhere. This ensured the accurate estimation of fluoride for each food item. Results: Concentrations of fluoride in foods (Nonfish, vegetarian food) was estimated to ranging from 0.85 to 7.09 ppm and that in fish samples ranged from 1.45 to 2.30 ppm. The highest concentration was estimated 3.16 ppm in Rohu fish flesh, and 7 ppm in rava dosa (a vegetarian food). Conclusion: In conclusion, the Rohu (Labeo rohita) fish species were found to contain higher concentrations of bone fluoride. Fluoride determined in fish flesh was also high in concentration 2.28 ppm. Among the regular food items, rava dosa (a thin and crispy crepe made from rava and rice flour) preparation has a higher level of fluoride. These values would provide valid information regarding the future development of recommended dietary allowance strategy for a population.
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Background: Vitiligo is a multifactorial, polygenic, autoimmune skin disorder caused by selective destruction of melanocytes. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist intron 2 polymorphism was found to be associated with various autoimmune disorders. Aims: We aimed to investigate the association of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist intron 2 variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism (rs2234663) with vitiligo to assess interleukin 1 receptor antagonist transcript levels and to perform possible genotype–phenotype correlation. Methods: Three hundred and seven vitiligo patients and 316 controls were enrolled in the study, genotyping of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist rs2234663 was performed by polymerase chain reaction, and relative gene expression of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist was carried out in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients (n = 36) and controls (n = 36) by real-time-PCR. Results: A significant difference was observed in the frequency of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist *A (1/2) genotype among patients with active and stable vitiligo (P = 0.0172). Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist*A (2/2) genotype and allele frequencies were significantly different between SV patients and controls (P = 0.0246 and P = 0.0046, respectively). Significant difference was also observed for interleukin 1 receptor antagonist*A2 (allele) in active and stable vitiligo patients (P = 0.0060). However, other comparisons did not show any significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies. Moreover, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist*A (3/2) genotype was observed only in patients whereas interleukin 1 receptor antagonist*A (5/2) was observed only in controls. Gene expression analysis showed no significant difference in interleukin 1 receptor antagonist transcript levels in patients compared to controls (P = 0.5962). Interestingly, genotype–phenotype correlation analysis revealed that individuals with IL1RN*A (2/2) exhibited higher interleukin 1 receptor antagonist expression compared to other major genotypes interleukin 1 receptor antagonist*A (1/2) (P = 0.01) and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist*A (1/1) (P = 0.03). Limitations: More case-control studies on interleukin 1 receptor antagonist rs2234663 polymorphism and gene expression from different ethnic populations are required to explore the impact of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in vitiligo susceptibility. Conclusion: Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist*A2 might be a risk factor for progressive vitiligo.
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Background: Urinary stones are the third most common affliction of urinary tract, exceeded only by urinary tract infections and pathological conditions of prostate (BPH and Prostate cancer). Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) and Uretero-renoscopic Lithotripsy (URSL) are among various treatment options available. Aims and Objectives:To compare ESWLand URSLprocedural and post procedural characteristics including outcome. Methods: A Prospective study was conducted in the department of Urology, SKIMS, on 100 patients with proximal Ureteric stone, from September 2015 to July 2017.By random selection, fifty patients were subjected to ESWL and another fifty to URSL. Various parameters were recorded on preformed proforma designed for the comparative study. Results: In our study, Parameters like Age and Gender distribution, symptoms at presentation and duration of symptoms, number of stones, laterality of stones (right/left) and grade of Hydronephrosis or Hydroureteronephrosis were uniformly distributed in the two groups (URSL VS ESWL). Spinal anaesthesia (SA) or General Anaesthesia(GA) was required in URSL group only, while as local anaesthesia and sedation was required in some patients in ESWLgroup. 72% and 88% patients achieved stone clearance in ESWLand URSLgroup respectively, (p=0.046). DJ stent was used in 20% of URSL patients and none in ESWL group. Procedure time was relatively less for URSL (p=0.001). Although statistically insignificant, Post procedure hematuria and urosepsis were higher in URSL group, where as pain/colic and fever was slightly higher in ESWL group. Steinstrasse was significantly higher in ESWL group (p=0.008). Hospital stay was significantly higher in URSL group (p<0.001). Cost involvement was higher in ESWLgroup (p=0.016). Conclusion: Although ESWL is regarded as the preferred choice of treatment for upper Ureteric stone, URSL is a safe alternative, with an advantage of obtaining an earlier or immediate stone free status in patients with stone size >10mm. In patients with smaller stones (<10mm), ESWL may be considered a reasonable alternative to URSL.
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Leiomyomas are rare benign tumours, arising most commonly from the arrector pili muscles [pilar leiomyomas], from tunica media of blood vessels [angioleiomyomas] or from genital skin muscles [dartoic leiomyomas]. We report a case of disseminated cutaneous leiomyoma in a 26-year-old Asian male who presented with multiple red and dusty brown coloured firm nodules on his upper chest, left arm, left leg and upper back. The case was diagnosed on dermatopathology and with immunohistochemical studies. Considering the widespread disease, surgical excision was not possible. Patient improved symptomatically with pregablin and is under regular follow-up. We report this case because cutaneous leiomyoma is a rare disease and it usually does not present in a disseminated pattern
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Background: Oxidative stress is the topic of interest for most of the researches, as it is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of disorders. Pregnancy though a natural phenomenon is associated with increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. Also, pregnant women are more vulnerable to the nutritional deficiency disorders, most common being iron deficiency anemia. Both oxidative stress and anemia have become a potential threat to both mother and fetus. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the association of oxidative stress with anemia in pregnancy. Methods: This study was conducted in Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh with inclusion of 25 healthy pregnant (Control) and 50 anemic pregnant women. Blood samples were collected and the parameters like Hemoglobin (Hb), malondialdehyde (MDA), Ferritin reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), Total peroxide (TP) and Oxidative stress index (OSI) were estimated. Results: We found that the levels of Hb and FRAP were significantly low and that of MDA, TP and OSI were significantly higher in the anemic pregnant women. Hb was positively correlated with FRAP but negatively with MDA, TP and OSI. The results were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: Anemia when occurs in disturbs the oxidant- antioxidant balance which further adds to the pre-existing pro-oxidant cellular environment induced by pregnancy. Therefore, in order to prevent both maternal and fetal complications further evaluations are needed.
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Flagellin is a subunit protein of the flagellum, a whip-like appendage that enables bacterial motility. Traditionally, flagellin was viewed as a virulence factor that contributes to the adhesion and invasion of host cells, but now it has emerged as a potent immune activator, shaping both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity during microbial infections. In this review, we summarize our understanding of bacterial flagellin and host immune system interactions and the role flagellin as an adjuvant, anti-tumor and radioprotective agent, and we address important areas of future research interests.