ABSTRACT
Background: This laboratory experiment was aimed of to investigate the antibacterial effect of Polypropylenimine-G2 [PPI-G2] and Polyamidoamine-G4 [PAMAM-G4] dendrimers on Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis.
Materials and Methods: Different concentrations of PPI-G2 and PAMAM-G4 dendrimers were inoculated onto Blank disks and were placed in Mueller-Hinton agar media. Zone of inhibition was investigated by bacterial inoculation according to the McFarland standard 0.5. Minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] and minimum bactericidal concentration [MBC] of PPI-G2 and PAMAM-G4 dendrimers were determined by Micro-dilution method in nutrient broth culture.
Results: Zone of inhibition in concentration 500 MICRO SIGNg/ml of PPI-G2 dendrimers for Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 25, 15 and 20mm, respectively. Zone of inhibition in concentration 500 MICRO SIGNg/ml of PAMAM-G4 dendrimers for Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 20, 18 and 0mm, respectively. The MIC of PPI-G2 dendrimer for Klebsiella oxytoca and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 5 MICRO SIGNg/ml. Also, the MIC of PPI-G2 dendrimer for Proteus mirabilis was 50 MICRO SIGNg/ml. The MBC of PPI-G2 dendrimer for Klebsiella oxytoca was 50 MICRO SIGNg/ml and it was 500 MICRO SIGNg/ml for Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MIC of PAMAM-G4 dendrimer attributed to Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus mirabilis were reported 500 and 1250 MICRO SIGNg/ml, respectively. The MBC of PAMAM-G4 dendrimer belonged to Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus mirabilis were 1250 and 2500 MICRO SIGNg/ml, respectively.
Conclusion: According to the results, PPI-G2 dendrimers can eliminate Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus mirabilis effectively but PAMAM-G4 only has antibacterial effect against Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus mirabilis. Also the antibacterial activity of PPI-G2 dendrimer is obviously better than those of PAMAM-G4. However, using dendrimers can be considered as a new approach for drinking water disinfection but it requires further wide range studies.
ABSTRACT
To implement source separation plan, awareness of viewpoints and participation of waste producers are necessary. The aim of this research is to assess the status of the source separation of municipal wastes and to offer its corrective strategies from citizens' point of view. This descriptive crooss-sectional study was performed through filling 1400 questionnaires by in-person interview in Qom, Yazd, and East Azarbaijan in the form of a waste management master plan. In this study, awareness of population was assessed using a questionnaire consisting of 31 general and specific questions. To examine the relationship between qualitative variables and cross-tabulations, chi-square test was used at a significance level of 5%. Ninety percent of citizens declared their readiness to implement the source separation of municipal wastes. Most important reasons of citizens for implementation of this plan was better recycling with appropriate quality materials [79%], environmental protection and health promotion [65%] and assistance to municipalities [43%], and the important reasons of plan's failure from citizens point of view were: lack of or irregular implementation the programs by the municipality [45%], inadequate training of citizens [32%], and poor cooperation of people due to cultural and social problems and/or lack of economic justification [25%]. According to the results, high percentage of citizens were aware of separation of municipal wastes plan and knew its advantages, so if reforms are made by the municipal authorities, percentage of participation and cooperation of citizens in this project will favorably increase