ABSTRACT
Background: synthetic dyes have several harmful effects on human health as well as aquatic life. In this study, activated carbon [AV-AC], based on Aloe vera leaf shells, was used as a novel agricultural adsorbent, one that is low-cost and available for the removal of Congo red [CR] as a carcinogenic dye from aqueous solutions
Methods: in the batch system, the influence of different parameters like contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial CR concentration were examined on the dye removal from liquid medium. The experimental data were fitted by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics, and also Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models
Results: the optimum contact time and pH for the uptake of CR were obtained at 20 minutes and acidic pH of 2. The maximum uptake capacity of CR dye by AV-AC was 1850 mg/g. The results showed that the experimental data were well-fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model [R[2] > 0.99] and Freundlich isotherm model [R[2] > 0.99]
Conclusion: according to the results of our study, the AV-AC is a low-cost, non-toxic, and effective adsorbent for the uptake of CR dye from aqueous media
ABSTRACT
Background and Aims: Contamination of dental unit water lines has received a great deal of attraction in recent years mainly due to its role in bacterial infection among immunocom promised and vulnerable people. The purpose of this study was microbiological evaluation of dental units outflow operating in private clinics and the dental units active at dentistry faculty of Kurdistan university, Sanandaj, Iran
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive analytical study the total number of 250 water samples were collected; four specimen per unit. The samples were cultured on the specific media and the number of bacterial colonies were counted after keeping at 37[degree]c for 48 hours
Results: The result of this study showed no strong indication to claim a significant difference between private clinics and university units in terms of bacterial infections. However, in average the contamination level of the specimens obtained from the private dental clinics was lower than those found from the university's units. A notable decline of the contamination in handpieces' water was observed after flushing. Compared to the water of handpieces, the contamination of tap water was also observed to be lower
Conclusion: The result of this study showed that microbiological level of dental unit water lines is high. The dentists must be aware of the high level of microorganisms in the dental unit's water and thus minimize the risk of infection for both staff and patients
ABSTRACT
Background and Aims: the growth of population and pollutions of discharge types of urban, industrial and agricultural wastewaters, leachate of disposal waste, spread the pollution in water resources and limited this resources. Survey of pollution and Evaluation of water quality in rivers with OWQI and GIS are effective tools for management of impact of environmental water resource
Materials and Methods:this survey is cross-sectional and quality parameters determined. this parameters is: Temperature, Fecal Coliform[F.C], Biochemical Oxygen Demand[BOD5], Nitrates[NO3], Total Phosphate[PO4], pH, Dissolved Oxygen[DO],Turbidity, total solid[TS]. Sampling for watershed was carried out over 12 month from 6 station Also this data analyzed with OWQI index, then river basis on quality of water was zoning by GIS
Results: The average of OWQI between 6 station, the highest average was 33.04, which corresponds to "very bad" quality water at the sampling point 1[best station] and decreased to around 14.55 [very bad quality] at the sampling point 6. The association between sampling month and water quality index was statistically significant [p<0.05]. for drinking uses, sampling point 1 were suitable than other sampling points. This station,s water with pH adjustment and primarily treatment can sues for drinking
Conclusion: With physical, chemical and biological agent monitoring and also with control of water quality indexes this points, we observed impact of environmental pollution in the length of river. This situation of river shown, river changed to wastewater channel and quality and quantity of water in this river were changed
ABSTRACT
Background: Survey of pollution and evaluation of water quality in rivers with Oregon Water Quality Index [OWQI] and GIS are effective tools for management of the impact of environmental water resources. The information in calculating the WQI of Moradbeik river allowed us to take our tests results and make a scientific conclusion about the quality of water. GIS can be a powerful tool for developing solutions for water resources problems for assessing water quality, determining water availability, preventing flooding, understanding the natural environment, and managing water resources on a local or regional scale
Methods: The WQI of Moradbeik river consists of nine tests: Fecal Coliform [FC], Biochemical Oxygen Demand [BOD[5]], Nitrates [NO[3]], Total Phosphate [PO[4]], pH, temperature, Dissolved Oxygen [DO], turbidity, and Total Solid [TS]. Water quality of Moradbeik river was investigated for 12 months. Concentrations of these nine variables were normalized on a scale from 0 to 100 and translated into statements of water quality [excellent, good, regular, fair, and poor]. Also this data were analyzed with WQI index, and then river basis on water quality was zoning by GIS
Results: The average of WQI was 61.62, which corresponded to ''medium'' quality water at the sampling point 1 [best station] and decreased to around 26.41 [bad quality] at sampling point 6. The association between sampling points and water quality indexes was statistically significant [P<0.05]
Conclusion: Based on physical, chemical and biological agent monitoring and also with control of water quality indexes of these points, we observed wastewater and other river pollutants
ABSTRACT
Background: Investigating the performance of naturally operated treatment plants may be due to the fact that they cannot be operated as desired, or that they should be modified to achieve good performance e.g. for nutrients removal. The advantage of kinetic coefficient determination is that the model can be adjusted to fit data and then used for analyzing alternatives to improve the process. This study investigates the efficiency of subsurface artificial wetland and determines its kinetic coefficients for nutrient removal
Methods: The present study investigated the kinetics of biological reactions that occurred in subsurface wetland to remove wastewater nutrient. Samples were taken from 3 locations of wetlands for 6 months. The nutrient content was determined through measuring Total Kjehldahl Nitrogen [TKN], ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate values
Results: Average levels for TKN, ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate in effluent of control wetland were 41.15, 23.59, 1.735, and 6.43 mg/L, and in wetland with reeds were 28.91, 19.99, 1.49 and 5.63 mg/L, respectively. First-order, second-order, and Stover-Kincannon models were applied and analyzed using statistical parameters obtained from the models [U[max], K[B]]
Conclusion: The nutrients removal at Yazd wastewater treatment plant was remarkable, and the presence of reeds in wetland beds was not very efficient in improving system performance. Other more efficient plants are suggested to be evaluated in the system. Stover-Kincannon kinetic model provided predictions having the closest relationship with actual data obtained from the field
ABSTRACT
Background: Wastewater produced by a dairy in Sanandaj is a major source of environmental pollution threatening the city. The dairy uses activated sludge treatment to remove organic pollution from the wastewater. The present study evaluated the performance of this process and its compliance with national requirements for chemical oxygen demand [COD], biochemical oxygen demand [BOD], and total suspended solids [TSS] remaining in the plant effluent
Methods: A total of 48 samples were obtained from the dairy inflow and outflow. The COD, BOD, and TSS were measured for each sample. The statistical sign test was used to assess the standards
Results: The results showed that the average BOD, COD and TSS in the input wastewater was 292.25, 422.92, and 198.33 mg/l, respectively. The ratio of BOD/COD was 0.69, which indicates the capacity of biological treatment was high. The BOD decreased to 64.22 mg/l [92% removal], COD to 33.74 mg/l [92% removal], and TSS to 43.11 mg/l [94% removal] in the effluent, indicating significant removal of water contaminants. The statistical sign test showed that TSS [P < 0.0001] and BOD [P = 0.031] were incompliance with national standards, but COD exceeded standard threshold [P = 0.076]
Conclusion: Activated sludge treatment showed a good performance for TSS removal, but was not reliable for removal of BOD and COD pollutants
ABSTRACT
Background: Yazd waste stabilization pond facilities consist of three stabilization pond systems, module 1, module 2 and module 3 that AWSP module 1 has started its operation. The existing facilities have had several problems in their operation. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the performance of stabilization ponds in wastewater treatment of the city of Yazd, due to several problems in their operation, and to prepare a scheme of its upgrading, if necessary
Methods: During the period from December to June 2010, data analysis were carried out for both raw and treated wastewater
Results: Results of these investigations showed that the average effluent concentrations of Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 [BOD[5]], Chemical Oxygen Demand [COD] and Suspended Solid [SS] taken from anaerobic pond and secondary facultative ponds of module 1 were 306.9, 135.18, 139.75 and 136.75, 69.025, 136.5 mg/L, respectively
Conclusion: These results indicated that the effluent of the anaerobic pond of module 1 was complied with the Iranian treated wastewater standards for agricultural reuse in terms of BOD[5] and COD concentrations; hence the secondary facultative ponds could be changed to other primary facultative ponds in order to increase the capacity of wastewater treatment plant
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Today, one of the most important environmental issues is dental solid wastes which have hazardous, toxic and pathogen agents and have special importance. The purpose of this study was to Evaluating the management of dental waste in private dental offices in the Sanandaj city in 2014
Methods and materials: This is a descriptive - cross sectional study. The study population is the entire private dental offices of Sanandaj. The data were collected by a questionnaire; consisted of 25 questions that were filled by visiting, interviews and observation. Finally, the results were analyzed by spss softwere version 18
Results: The results of this study showed that amount of domestic waste, infectious, chemicals and pharmaceutical and toxic were 45, 48.3, 5.7 and 1 respectively. Forty two percent of dental offices do not have a program to reduce their waste. In 80 percent of dental offices waste separation and isolation were performed. eighty six percent of dental amalgams were discharged directly into the sewer
Conclusion: Based on these results we concluded that dental waste management situation in the city of Sanandaj is not satisfactory. Therefore, training dentists and related legislation to control waste management can be an effective step
ABSTRACT
The high mortality rate of myocardial infarction [MI] before admission to hospital, particularly at younger ages, is a major health challenge. In fact 90% of deaths among patients < 55 years occur before arrival at hospital. This study sought to examine the association between methods of transfer with MI-related outcomes. The study was conducted among patients admitted to Taleghani Teaching Hospital [Urmia, Iran] with chest pain and symptoms of early MI. These patients were studied for endpoints including treatment [thrombolytic] and survival. Information was collected using a previously developed and validated questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by examining frequency, means and standard deviations for a range of variables. We estimated the association between method of transfer and outcome using paired t-test and one way ANOVA. Among 274 eligible patients with admissions for MI, 41 [15%] were transferred by ambulances using emergency telephone hotlines while the remainder used alternative means. Among those not using ambulance services, 143 were not aware of the existence of those services and 76 did not believe they were experiencing MI. 48.5% of all patients received thrombolytic [streptokinase] therapy. Patients arriving by ambulance were significantly more likely to receive thrombolytic therapy than other patients [p-value =0.001], although there was no significant difference in mortality between the groups [p-value =0.88]. This hospital-based study from Iran has identified lack of knowledge about emergency ambulance services as well as lack of awareness about symptoms of heart attack to be major barriers to using available facilities