ABSTRACT
Two omega-3 fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] and eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] are essential for the physiologic function of neuronal cell membrane. Normal function of neuronal cell membrane requires appropriate composition of fatty in its structure. Present study was designed to compare the effect of short-term and long-term pretreatment with omega-3 fatty acids on scopolamine-induced amnesia and possible involvement of apoptotic or oxidative pathways. Male Wistar rats were gavaged by omega-3 fatty acids [60 mg/Kg [DHA + EPA]] or saline for 2 weeks [short-term model] or 8 weeks [Long-term model], then received intra-CA1 scopolamine [2 mg/rat]. Finally, the avoidance response was examined and hippocampus tissue was prepared. Intra-CA1 injection of scopolamine abolished the memory performance in rats. Short-term or long-term pretreatment with omega-3 fatty acids improved memory [p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively]. Pretreatment for 2 weeks had no effect on the tissue Malondialdehyde [MDA] contents or SOD and CAT activity. In addition, pretreatment for 2 weeks with omega-3 fatty acids had no effects on tissue Bax and Bcl-2 expression. Conversely, long-term pretreatment with omega-3 fatty acids decreased tissue MDA contents [p < 0.01], SOD activity [p < 0.05] and increased CAT activity [p < 0.01]. Long-term pretreatment with omega-3 fatty acids also decreased Bax protein expression [p < 0.05] with no effect on the expression of Bcl-2 protein. In conclusion, long-term exposure to omega-3 fatty acids inhibited the scopolamine-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and amnesia while the effect of short-term treatment was restricted to the improved memory without significant effect on apoptosis or oxidative stress. Therefore, long-term treatment with low doses of omega-3 fatty acids suggested a suitable treatment for amnesia
ABSTRACT
During the procedure of Kermanshahi oil production, some changes occur, which might affect the lipid profile of oil. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Kermanshahi animal oil on the lipid profile in healthy men. Twenty five healthy men participated in this clinical trial study. After ten days, wash out period that subjects did not consume Kermanshahi animal oil and it was replaced with same amount of butter, serum lipid levels [TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C], were measured. Then subjects received 30 g/day Kermanshahi animal oil for 1 month at lunch in replace of other fats. We asked to subjects do not use Kermanshahi animal oil in other meals and replace it with the same amount of butter. After this period, serum lipid and lipoproteins were measured again. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, independent t-test using SPSS soft ware version 12. Following 30 days intake of Kermanshahi animal oil, there was no change in the total cholesterol level [153.40 +/- 21.86 vs. 153.92 +/- 24.64 mg/dl]. Mean level of LDL-C increased [from 89.08 +/- 19.73 to 92.25 +/- 22.12 mg/dl] while TG concentration decreased from 112.84 +/- 22.33 to 107.76 +/- 25.46 and HDL-C level decreased from 41.40 +/- 5.08 to 40.76 +/- 6.39 mg/dl, but none of these differences were significant [P>0.05]. Present study showed that consumption of 30 g/day Kermanshahi animal oil for 1 month has no effect on serum lipid levels in healthy men