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We assessed the prevalence of non- communicable diseases (NCDs) risk factors with a focus on their clustering among healthy adults in Shenzhen, China. Data from the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey, comprising a regionally representative sample of 806 healthy adults aged 35 years or older, were obtained to determine the prevalence of five risk factors for NCDs. The prevalence of current smoking, central obesity, impaired fasting glucose, borderline hypertension, and borderline high total cholesterol was 19.97%, 28.29%, 4.47%, 10.55%, and 36.10%, respectively. A total 63.77% of participants had at least one risk factor. Upon examination of risk factor clustering, we observed that 7.57% of participants had at least three risk factors. Using this threshold as a cutoff, clustering of risk factors was associated with sex [odds ratio (OR) = 3.336, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.782 to 6.246], physical activity (OR = 1.913, 95% CI: 1.009 to 3.628), and BMI (OR = 7.376, 95% CI: 3.812 to 14.270). The prevalence of risk factors for NCDs is fairly high among healthy adults in Shenzhen, with a clustering tendency.
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , China , Epidemiology , Cluster Analysis , Noncommunicable Diseases , Epidemiology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objective To assess the effectiveness of prevention program on iodine deficiency disorders and iodine nutritional status of residents in Guangdong Province.Methods Probability proportionate to size sampling(PPS) was employed in surveillance of iodine deficiency disorders.Thirty counties(cities,districts) were selected in Guangdong Province.In each county(city,district) one township(street) was selected; in each township (street) one primary school was selected and in each primary school 40 children aged 8-10 were chosen to examine their thyroid and to collect salt samples at their home for determination of salt iodine.Out of the 40 children,12 children were chosen to collect urine samples for determination of urinary iodine.From the primary schools chosen,40 grade 5 students were selected for intelligence quotient(IQ) test.In the nearby of the primary schools,3 townships(towns,street) were selected and in each township(town,street) 5 pregnant and 5 lactating women were selected to collect their urine samples for determination of urinary iodine.Type-B ultrasonic was used in measuring the thyroid volume.The iodine content of urine samples was measured by the method of arsenic and cerium catalysis spectrophotometry.The iodine content of salt was determined quantitatively with the titration method.IQ was tested by Chinese combined Raven's test.According to geographical location and the implementation of iodized salt,the effects of iodized salt on iodine deficiency disorders were analyzed in the plains and the Pearl River Delta Coastal region with mild iodine deficiency(iodized salt implementation region,referred to as the plains and the PRD),historical iodine deficiency areas (iodized implementation region) and the eastern and the western coastal areas of Guangdong(areas with non-iodized salt problem,referred to as the eastern and the western Guangdong).Results A total of 1200 children aged 8 to 10 were examined by type-B ultrasonic test,and goiter rate was 3.5％ (42/1200).The differences of goiter rate between the plains and the PRD,the historical iodine deficiency areas and the eastern and the western Guangdong were statistically significant (x2 =6.6,P ＜ 0.05).The goiter rate (6.1％) in the eastern and the western Guangdong was significantly higher than that of the plains and the PRD and the historical iodine deficiency areas (3.3％,2.0％,x2 =5.6,7.1,all P ＜ 0.05).A total of 1200 salt samples were examined.The median and coefficient of variation of iodine in the salt were 31.0 mg/kg and 23.2％,respectively.Coverage of iodized salt was 97.5％(1170/1200) while 96.1％(1153/1200) of consumed iodized salt was qualified.The median urinary iodine of 1200 children aged 8-10 was 186.5 μg/L,and the differences of median urinary iodine between the plains and the PRD,the historical iodine deficiency areas and the eastern and the western Guangdong were statistically significant(x2 =5.9,P ＜ 0.05).The median urinary iodine of the eastern and the western Guangdong(162.4 μg/L) was significantly lower than that of the plains and the PRD(207.5 μg/L,x2 =8.7,P ＜ 0.01).The difference of median urinary iodine between the plains and the PRD,the historical iodine deficiency areas and the eastern and the western Guangdong was statistically significant(x2 =58.9,P＜ 0.01).The median urinary iodine of the eastern and the western Guangdong(109.6 μg/L) was significantly lower than that of the historical iodine deficiency areas and the plains and the PRD(152.9,155.2 μg/L,x2 =18.3,20.6,all P ＜ 0.05).The mean IQ of the 1208 grade 5 students was 102.8 ± 14.3.The IQ of the plains and the PRD(104.3 ± 13.9) and the historical iodine deficiency areas(102.7 ± 14.3) was significantly higher than that of the eastern and the western Guangdong(100.3 ± 14.7,t =3.8,2.1,P＜ 0.01 orP＜ 0.05).Conclusions The goal of iodine deficiency disorders elimination is achieved as scheduled in Guangdong Province.The health level of general population has been improved significantly.Iodine nutrition is in the appropriate range (100-199 μg/L) in general population but low in pregnant women.The selling of non-iodized salt in the eastern and the western Guangdong Province should be followed closely.
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ObjectiveTo provide a reference for the establishment and appliance of enzyme reference measurement of CK in China by comparing and analyzing the RELA results of CK in IFCC from 2006-2008. Methods The RELA samples of CK were measured according to the reference procedure for the measurement of catalytic activity concentration of CK (37 ℃) ,which had been published by IFCC. The EP5A2 protocol was used for evaluation of the imprecision and ERM was used for verification of the trueness. Results In RELA 2006, the result of sample A was (9. 896 ±0. 112) μkat/L, and the result of sample B was (4.953 ±0. 120) μkat/L. In RELA 2007, the result of sample A was (2.684 ±0.054)μkat/L, and the result of sample B was (8.798 μ0. 101) μkat/L. In RELA 2008, the result of sample A was (10. 523 ±0. 149) μkat/L,and the result of sample B was (10. 551 ±0. 141) μkat/L. The precision of the CK reference method in the year 2006 to 2008 was 0. 92%, 0. 86% and 0. 88% respectively, each of them is less than 1% and the results of ERMs were consistent with the certified value(1. 68 ± 0. 07)μkat/L,which verify the imprecision and accuracy of the reference method. Conclusions All of the results in the continuous three years were in the range of equivalence limits suggested by IFCC. The CK reference method suggested by IFCC has been established and it is getting better.
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Objective We selected 3 268 genes of human myocardial cells and analyzed the variability of mRNA expression of myocardial cells in normal adults,to explore the variation of energy metabolism related genes in human myocardial cell and compared the characteristics and variation tendency of energy metabolism related genes in human myocardial cells in the early stage.Methods Microarray was prepared with 3 368 myocardial cell related cDNAs.And we studied differentially expressed genes between myocardial cells and multi-tissues in normal adults by PCR,sequence,fluorescent probe labelling and double hybridisation.Results Functional group analysis was carried out with 3 268 genes of myocardial cells in normal adults.Compared with Universal Human Reference,576 genes from myocardial cells were up- regulated(≥1.5 folds).Expression of 1 199 genes were down-regulated(≤66.7%).194 genes were involved in cell energy metabolism.Among them,17 genes were up-regulated and 4 genes were down- regulated.65 genes were related with cellular skeleton,18 of them had up-regulation and one of them had down-regulation.Coneluslon Compared with multi-tissues,there were many genes preferentially expressed in myocardial cells of normal adults,which can be used as a reference system to evaluate the different stages and different pathological behaviors of cardiovascular diseases.