ABSTRACT
Background: Scandinavian countries were the first to use fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) as a diagnostic tool in the 1930. Fine needle aspiration cytology is a diagnostic approach, which helps the clinicians in diagnosis of the various lesions. Most common sites which can be targeted include breast lumps, lymph nodes, thyroid masses and other palpable swellings. The most common lesion encountered isthyroid nodule. In current cross sectional study we tried to find frequency of different thyroid lesions by fine needle aspiration cytology in different rural areas of Sindh.Methodology and Results: 158 samples were recruited from the Vital Laboratory Larkana with different pathological midline neck (thyroid) swelling during 2014 and 2015 by non-probability consecutive sampling. 125 (79.1%) were females and 33 (20.9%) were males with a ratio of 4:1. Majority of case were of 20-39 years of age (52.5%). Most of the cases were diagnosed with nodular goiter (88.6%) followed by colloid goiter (4.4%). In present study we failed to find any association of diagnosis with gender (p =0.211) and age (p =0.553).Conclusion: So in this study we concluded that large number of thyroid lesions present with nodular goiter at the age of 20-39 years. The frequency is increased for these lesions due to different risk factors.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Sexual violence occurs when a person is forced to unwillingly take part in sexual activity, these activity include forced sexual intercourse, touching in a sexual manner without consent (kissing, grabbing etc), forcefully showing pornographic material, exhibitionism, making unwelcome sexual jokes or comments etc. Rising incidence of rapes and sexual harassment are increasing concern in India and globally. A significant proportion of sexual violence victims are adolescents. Male victimization is relatively less discussed domain in sexual violence as compared to female and majority of cases go unreported. Objective: The purpose of present study was to find out prevalence and factors associated with sexual violence victimization among adolescent males in rural setting. Methods: A total of 510 males of age group 10-19 years were interviewed adopting a community based cross-sectional study design. Multistage sampling method was used to select the study subjects. Results: Out of total, 6.9% adolescents reported being forced for sexual intercourse at least once in their life time and 10% reported being victim of sexual violence other than sexual intercourse. Conclusion: Association between sexual violence and Age, Socioeconomic status and educational status were found statistically significant. Other factors like parent’s education, type of family, family size were not found to be significantly associated.