Correlation of Serum Lactate Levels, Perfusion Index and Plethysmography Variability Index With Invasive Blood Pressure in Late Preterm and Term Infants With Shock

Objective: To study the correlation of objective parameters for diagnosing shock viz., perfusion index (PI), plethysmography variability index (PVI) and serum lactate (SL) with invasive blood pressure in late preterm and term infants with shock. Methods: Prospective observational study (diagnostic test) conducted at the neonatal intensive care unit of Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital, Chennai between June, 2018 and May, 2020. Term and late preterm neonates with shock were included in the study. PI, PVI, SL, SpO2 and heart rate were monitored. PI, PVI and SLL were recorded at 0,12, 24 and 72 hours of onset of shock. All the babies were followed up till discharge or death. Results: Total 78 neonates were enrolled in the study. At 0 hour, SL and PVI had negative correlation (P =0.002 and P=0.003) while PI had a weak-to-moderate positive correlation (P=0.002) with invasive blood pressure. SL ?4.65 had a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 75.8%, and PI <0.455 had a sensitivity of 65%, and specificity of 58.6% for predicting invasive hypotension. PVI ?23.5 had a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 63.8% in predicting invasive hypotension. Conclusion: PI has moderate positive correlation while SL and PVI have moderate negative correlation with invasive blood pressure. The cutoff values of SL ?4.65, PI <0.45 and PVI ?23.5 can predict invasive hypotension with good sensitivity and negative predictive value.

Curcumin Mediated Gold Nanoparticles and Analysis of its Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial Activity Against Oral Pathogens

ABSTRACT Objective: To green synthesise gold nanoparticles using curcumin and to analyse its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity among oral pathogens. Material and Methods: Biosynthesised Curcumin Gold nanoparticles (CuAuNP) were evaluated by UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. Results: Synthesized CuAuNP were characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry and showed peak absorption at 530nm. CuAuNp showed a 90.3% maximum scavenging ability of DPPH at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. CuAuNP exhibited 79.6 % of the highest anti-inflammatory activity at 50μg/mL than the standard drug diclofenac. TEM image clearly showed uniformly dispersed spherical-shaped gold nanoparticles with a size of about 20 nm. The biosynthesized nanoparticle was tested for its antimicrobial effect, and it showed a potent effect against S. aureus, E. faecalis, and C. albicans at 100µg/ mL. Enterococcus faecalis has a maximum zone of inhibition of 14 mm at 100µg/ mL of CuAuNp. Among gram-positive bacteria, a maximum zone of inhibition of 12 mm at 100µg/ mL was seen in S. aureus compared to S mutans. Candida albicans showed a maximum zone of inhibition of 18 mm at 25 μg/mL of CuAuNp. Conclusion: Curcumin-mediated gold nanoparticles with 20 nm size were effective and had strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity at 50µg/ mL, antimicrobial action inhibiting microbes at 100µg/mL concentration that can be used in treating various Oral mucosal lesions.

The Role of Shunt Occlusion During Extracorporeal Life Support

ABSTRACT Introduction: The current recommendation for systemic to pulmonary artery shunt (SPS) patients requiring extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is to keep the shunt open, maintaining a higher pump flow. The practice in our center is to totally occlude the shunt while on ECLS, and we are presenting the outcome of this strategy. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent SPS for cyanotic congenital heart disease with decreased pulmonary blood flow and required postoperative ECLS between January 2016 and December 2020. ECLS indication was excessive pulmonary blood flow, leading to either refractory low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) or cardiac arrest. All patients had their shunts totally occluded soon after ECLS establishment. Results: Of the 27 SPS patients who needed postoperative ECLS (13 refractory LCOS, 14 extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation), wherein the strategy of occluding the shunt on ECLS initiation was followed, 16 (59.3 %) survived ECLS weaning and eight (29.6%) survived to discharge. Conclusion: Increased flow to maintain systemic circulation for a SPS patient while on ECLS is an accepted strategy, but it should not be applied universally. A large subset of SPS patients, who require ECLS either due to cardiac arrest or refractory LCOS due to excessive pulmonary flow, might benefit from complete occlusion of the shunt soon after commencement of ECLS, especially in cases with frank pulmonary edema or haemorrhage in the pre-ECLS period. A prospective randomized trial could be ethically justified for the subset of patients receiving ECLS for the indication of excessive pulmonary blood flow.

Type I Arnold Chiari Malformation with Syringomyelia and Scoliosis: Radiological Correlations between Tonsillar Descent, Syrinx Morphology and Curve Characteristics: A Retrospective Study

Methods@#Data regarding patients, who underwent PFD for ACM-I presenting with SM and scoliosis between January 2009 and December 2018, were retrospectively collected. Only patients with 2-year follow-up were included. Sagittal/coronal deformity and sagittal spinopelvic parameters were examined. Symmetry and extent of tonsillar descent, as well as morphology (configuration/variation) and extent of syrinx were determined. @*Results@#A total of 42 patients (20 females; age: 14.2±5.8 years) were included; 35 patients (83.3%) had atypical curves. Mean preoperative coronal Cobb was 57.7°±20.9°; and 12 (28.6%) had significant coronal imbalance. Tonsillar descent was classified as grade 1, 2, and 3 in 16 (38.1%), 11 (26.2%), and 15 (35.7%) patients; 35 patients (83.3%) had asymmetric tonsillar descent; 17 (40.4%), 3 (7.1%), 16 (38.1%), and 6 (14.4%) had circumscribed, moniliform, dilated, and slender syrinx patterns; and 9 (21.4%), 12 (28.6%), and 21 (50%) of syrinx were right-sided, left-sided, and centric. There was no significant relationship between side of tonsillar dominance (p =0.31), grade of descent (p =0.30), and convexity of deformity. There was significant association between side of syrinx and convexity of scoliosis (p =0.01). PFD was performed in all, and deformity correction was performed in 23 patients. In curves ≤40°, PFD alone could stabilize scoliosis progression (p =0.02). There was significant reduction in syrinx/cord ratio following PFD (p 40°.

Knowledge and practice of radiation safety in the Catherization laboratory among Interventional Cardiologists – An online survey

An Online Survey among Interventional Cardiologists (IC) assessed the knowledge (five questions) and practice of radiation safety (eleven questions). Out of 185 respondents, knowledge of annual radiation dose (2% knew), LAO cranial view giving maximum radiation (48%) and benefit of assessment of radiation exposure with dose area product (31%) was limited. Radiation safety was practiced “whenever I remember” in 37e59%. Radiation safety practices were optimal frame rate selection (32%), distancing from x-ray unit (17%), collimation use (30%), positioning the image detector close to chest (91%) and personal dosimeters use (40%). A major gap exists between knowledge and practice of radiation safety

A community-based study on electrocardiographic abnormalities of adult population from South India - Findings from a cross sectional survey

Background: There are no data on electrocardiographic (ECG) findings from general population of Indian subcontinent. We analyzed ECG abnormalities of in adults as part of a community survey of prevalence of coronary artery disease and risk factors from South India. Methods and results: In this cross-sectional study of men and women between the ages 20 to 79 years, ECGs recorded digitally were analyzed using the Minnesota code. Electrocardiograms were analyzed for abnormalities in 4630 participants (women 59.6%). The overall prevalence of ECG abnormalities (39.9%) was higher in men (47.24% vs. 34.9% p <0.0001). QRS axis deviation, first degree AV block, fascicular blocks, incomplete right bundle branch block, sinus bradycardia and ST elevation in the anterior chest leads were markedly higher in men. Sinus tachycardia and low voltage QRS occurred more often in women. The overall prevalence of atrial fibrillation was 0.32% which was markedly lower than the western data. Brugada and early repolarisation patterns occurred in 1.06% and 1.56% respectively, equal in both age groups, but markedly higher in men. Brugada pattern occurred more often than in the west, but much less than the Far East population. Early repolarisation pattern was similar to rest of Asian population, but significantly less than the Caucasian population Conclusion: In this community-based study, prevalence of major electrocardiographic abnormalities was high. Overall, men had significantly higher ECG abnormalities

In vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti- proliferative activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles - Phoenix dactylifera (Rothan dates)

Abstract Traditionally dates is consumed as a rich source of iron supplement and the current research discuss the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using methanolic seed extract of Rothan date and its application over in vitro anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activity against lung cancer cell line (A549). FTIR result of synthesised AgNPs reveals the presence of functional group OH as capping agent. XRD pattern confirms the crystalline nature of the AgNPs with peaks at 38º, 44º, 64º and 81º, indexed by (111), (200), (220) and (222) in the 2θ range of 10-90, indicating the face centered cubic (fcc) structure of metallic Ag. HR- TEM results confirm the morphology of AgNPs as almost spherical with high surface areas and average size of 42 ± 9nm. EDX spectra confirmed that Ag is only the major element present and the Dynamic light scattering (DLS) assisted that the Z-average size was 203nm and 1.0 of PdI value. Zeta potential showed − 26.5mv with a single peak. The results of the biological activities of AgNPs exhibited dose dependent activity with 68.44% for arthritic, antiinflammatory with 63.32% inhibition and anti-proliferative activity illustrated IC50 value of 59.66 µg/mL expressing the potential of AgNPs to combat cancer

Response evaluation of locally advanced carcinoma ovary to neoadjuvant chemotherapy at a tertiary care centre

Background: Clear cell and mucinous types of epithelial ovarian cancers are relatively chemo resistant and have a poorer prognosis compared to other histologies. Aim of the study was to study the biochemical and histopathological response and surgical outcome of various histologies to standard platin based chemotherapy.Methods: All 42 cases of locally advanced carcinoma ovary who received several cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by, interval cytoreductive surgery (ICS) were included in this study. Serum CA125 levels before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the ability to achieve optimal cytoreduction and the presence of residual tumour in the surgical specimen were the parameters measured. Continuous variables were compared by one-way ANOVA. Categorical variables were compared by the Pearson chi-square test. Significance was defined by p values less than 0.05. Survival analysis was done using Kaplan-Meier estimation.Results: There was a 95,84% reduction in serum CA125 levels for papillary serous carcinoma compared to clear cell and mucinous varieties, which had 81.2% and 78.5% reduction, respectively. More number of papillary serous tumours were able to achieve optimal cytoreduction (72%) compared to mucinous variety (25%). Residual tumour was present in 68% of serous papillary tumours compared to 87.5% in mucinous and 80% in clear cell histology.Conclusions: Our study concludes that mucinous and clear cell types of EOC are relatively chemo resistant compared to the serous subtype. We recommend more aggressive surgery especially for mucinous tumours. In the case of ovarian cancer, we observed that the mucinous and clear cell types of EOC are relatively chemoresistant compared to the serous subtype. From the results, we recommend the more aggressive strategy of surgery as a preliminary choice of treatment especially for mucinous tumours rather than chemotherapy in patients with EOC.

Comparison Of Efficacy And Safety Of Newer Drugs Approved For The Treatment Of Migraine Disorder: A Review

Migraine is a recurrent throbbing or pulsing headache with moderate to severe pain intensity. The pain is often one side of the head with nausea and weakness symptoms. Around 12 percent of Americans, 9 percent of Asians experiences migraine and the prevalence is highest among South Koreans (22.3%). The outcome of chronic migraine treatment can be quite disheartening, causing patients to feel out of options who have tried multiple treatments with no results. Poor efficacy, tolerability and safety of migraine preventive therapy in clinical practice lead to poor compliance and failure of therapy. The mean change in number or frequency of headache is considered as the outcome measure of migraine prevention therapy. Upon comparing all migraine prevention therapy, the Fremanezumab, Eptinezumab, Galcanezumab and Erenumab were considered as the front runner in controlling the severity and frequency of migraine. Among these drugs, Erenumab was most effective in controlling the frequency of migraine episodes as it produces more than 50 percent reduction in the mean number of monthly migraine days (MMD) over week 9-week 12. In addition to drug therapy, adequate rest, balanced diet, yoga and meditation will help patients to get rid of migraine severity. A multi-dimensional approach is essential for better control over migraine symptoms.

Outcomes of Advanced Oncological Laparoscopic Procedures in a Tertiary Care Center

Introduction: Advanced laparoscopic procedures are performed in oncology for almost all visceral sites. We present theoncological and functional outcomes of series of patients who underwent advanced laparoscopic oncological procedures inour tertiary care center.Materials and Methods: We analyzed 34 consecutive patients who underwent advanced laparoscopic oncological proceduresby the same surgeon in the department of surgical oncology during the period of 2015–2019. Five patients underwentlaparoscopic type C1 radical hysterectomy. Laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection was done for six patients, laparoscopicstaging for carcinoma endometrium for seven patients, thoracoscopic esophagectomy for five patients, laparoscopic-assisteddistal gastrectomy for two patients, and laparoscopic staging for ovarian cancer for four patients. Laparoscopic right radicalnephrectomy and laparoscopic right hemicolectomy were done for one patient each.Results: Out of the five patients who underwent laparoscopic Type C1 radical hysterectomy, one patient had residual IB1disease. There was no bladder morbidity and all patients are alive without disease. Two patients who underwent laparoscopicabdominoperineal resection and one patient after thoracoscopic esophagectomy developed disease recurrence. None of thepatients who underwent other procedures had major morbidity or disease recurrence.Conclusion: Advanced laparoscopic procedures are feasible in oncology with minimal morbidity and good oncological outcome.The nodal yield and oncological outcome improve with increasing experience of the surgeon in minimally invasive surgicaloncology.

A Very Rare Case of Pancreatic Acinar Variant of Gastric Adenocarcinoma with Review of the Literature

A pancreatic acinar variant of gastric adenocarcinoma is a very rare presentation, and only six cases have been reported worldwide.A 55-year-old male came with complaints of vomiting and weight loss. By PET-CT, a growth was found in the gastric antrum.Distal gastrectomy was done and a histopathology report of a pancreatic acinar variant of gastric adenocarcinoma was done.

Gastric lipoma: a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleed

Lipoma is a rare mesenchymal tumour of stomach (less than 1% of gastric tumours) to present as gastrointestinal bleed. We report a case of upper gastrointestinal bleed from a gastric lipoma in a 42 year male patient who underwent distal gastrectomy for resection of the large submucosal tumour situated in antropyloric region. Most common age of presentation of gastric lipoma is fifth or sixth decade of life and most of these are located in submucosal plane (90% cases) and in antropyloric region (75% cases). Gastric lipomas can be diagnosed by endoscopic means but most often with CT scan which shows characteristic fat attenuation. Small asymptomatic incidentally diagnosed can be safely observed while larger symptomatic tumours are treated by endoscopic or surgical resection which offers cure from this benign lesion.

Reconstructive Options in Head-and-Neck Cancer Surgeries

Introduction: Surgery is the standard treatment to achieve cancer control, but due to socioeconomic and other factors, most patientspresent with a locally advanced tumor leading to extensive resection of mucosa, muscle, bone, and skin. Reconstruction of thesedefects is essential not only in ensuring function and cosmesis but also in enabling the start and completion of adjuvant therapy on time.Aim: The study aims to analyze the various reconstruction methods used in the head-and-neck cancer surgery.Materials and Methods: Various cancers of the head and neck using various reconstruction options such as primary closure, localflaps, and regional flaps. Pre-operative radiotherapy, extent of defect, the type of reconstruction used, post-operative complications,and the functional outcome in the immediate post-operative period, 1 month after surgery, and at 6 months were recorded.Results: Of the 180 surgeries for head-and-neck cancers, primary closure was done in 79 cases. Other reconstruction optionsused were pedicled regional flaps – 75, local flaps – 11, and split skin grafting – 15. Of the 79 primary closures, 2 cases ofinfection, 2 cases of partial necrosis (neck skin and tongue), 8 cases of minor wound dehiscence, and 2 cases of fistulae of whichone was chylous were noted. Of the 50 pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flaps, 29 were for lining the oral/oropharyngealcavities, 6 were for cover the skin defects, and 15 were for both lining and cover.Conclusion: PMMC is the choice flap in high-volume centers with resource and time constraints where microsurgical expertiseis not available. They have proved effective in the absence of microvascular free flaps. Further improvement in our results canbe achieved if free flaps could be used in a choice few cases and effective mandibular reconstructions are to be used.

Factors affecting adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Andhra Pradesh, India

Background: An important factor to effectiveness of ART is good adherence to treatment. This study aims to investigate the adherence levels to ART among people living with HIV (PLHIV) attending a Government ART centre in Anakapalli, Andhra Pradesh, India.Methods: A cross sectional study was done among 1000 adult PLHIV receiving ART. Out of nearly 4500 patients on ART we selected 1000 patients by simple random sampling technique. The average of adherence for a period of 2 years and socio demographic details were taken from the patients treatment card. Chi square test was performed to find out significant difference between the socio-demographic variables and adherence level < 95%.Results: Out of 1000 patients, 53.9% were male. 42.2% were in age group 31 to 40 years. 50.1 % had adherence >95%. Major factors influencing poor adherence were: decrease in weight (OR=18.65, p=0.000); decrease in CD4 counts (OR=20.12, p=0.000), presence of opportunistic infections (OR=12.67, p=0.000), WHO stage 3 and 4 illness (OR=6.50, p=0.000), travel distance to ART >50 kilometres (OR=1.94, p=0.000), smoker (OR=1.82, p=0.000),being illiterate (OR=1.72, p=0.000), and alcohol consumption (OR=1.58, p=0.001).Conclusions: Careful monitoring of weight, CD4 counts and opportunistic infections can help to identify poor adherence early.

Proximal fibular osteotomy in the treatment of medial osteoarthritis of the knee: A narrative review of literature

Proximal fibular osteotomy has been proposed as a simple and inexpensive alternative to high-tibial osteotomy and unicondylar knee arthroplasty and may be useful for low-income populations that cannot afford expensive treatment methods. However, there is no consensus existing regarding the mechanism by which it acts nor the outcome of this procedure. This study was performed to analyze the available evidence on the benefits of proximal fibular osteotomy and to understand the possible mechanisms in play. There are various mechanisms that are proposed to individually or collectively contribute to the outcomes of this procedure, and include the theory of non-uniform settlement, the too-many cortices theory, slippage phenomenon, the concept of competition of muscles, dynamic fibular distalization theory and ground reaction vector readjustment theory. The mechanisms have been discussed and future directions in research have been proposed. The current literature, which mostly consists of case series, suggests the usefulness of the procedure in decreasing varus deformity as well as improving symptoms in medial osteoarthritis. However, large randomised controlled trials with long-term follow-up are required to establish the benefits of this procedure over other established treatment methods.

Shanmugasundaram Balasubramanian, Singh Vijay Kumar, Shrestha Shrijana, Sarkar Sajib Kumar, Jeevaratnam Kadirvelu, Koner Bidhan Chandra

Coconut oil and sesame oil are commonly used in South India for frying foods. On heating, edible oils form hazardous chemicals. This study explores the effect of consumption of unheated and thermally-altered sesame and coconut oils on coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors in Wistar rats. Thirty Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=6/group). Group I (Control) was fed only chow, Group II: chow + unheated sesame oil, Group III: chow + heated sesame oil, Group IV: Chow + unheated coconut oil, Group V: chow + heated coconut oil. After eight weeks of treatment, serum lipid profile, hs-CRP, leptin, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, TNF-α, IL-6 and plasma homocysteine and fibrinogen levels were estimated. Rats in Group II showed a significant decrease in serum cholesterol, LDL-c, TNF-α, hs-CRP, insulin, and HOMA-IR but a significant increase in HDL-c, Group III showed opposite effects on these parameters, except that it decreased serum triglycerides level. Group IV and V did not show any significant effect on stated parameters. We conclude that consumption of unheated sesame oil gives protective effects against the CAD. Thermally altered sesame oil increases the CAD risk. Unheated and thermally altered coconut oil did not show any significant effect. Hence, we recommend that sesame oil better be used for dressing the food and coconut oil for frying.

Reappraisal of morphological and immunohistochemical spectrum of intracranial and spinal solitary fibrous tumors/hemangiopericytomas with impact on long-term follow-up

BACKGROUND: Hemangiopericytomas (HPCs) and solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are unique entities in the central nervous system (CNS) and even rarer in the spine with propensity to recurrence and metastasis. Both these tumors were detected to share the NAB2–STAT6 fusion gene with frequent morphologic overlap that necessitated the need for the combined term SFT/HPC in the CNS by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016. AIMS: This study aims to describe the clinical outcome of intracranial and spinal SFT/HPCs based on detailed histomorphologic and immunohistochemical features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of these tumors was conducted over a period of 10 years from January 2006 to January 2017 at our institute. Based on the elaborative assessment of morphology and immunohistochemistry, these tumors were categorized into three grades as per WHO criteria. RESULTS: A total of 13 cases were encountered involving mainly extra-axial and supratentorial regions. Among intracranial HPCs, anaplastic subtypes constituted significantly higher proportion (39%) when compared with peripheral HPCs. Peculiar morphological patterns like micropapillae and pseudoangiomatous arrangement of tumor cells were observed in high-grade tumors. A panel of immunomarkers were used to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other mimickers. Gross total resection was achieved in 54% (7/13) of the cases with local recurrence observed in 31% (4/13). Grade II tumors showed recurrence in 28% cases. No case showed distant metastasis. CONCLUSION: To conclude, not just clinical parameters but morphologic features such as unusual patterns, mitosis, and proliferative index also play a pivotal role in predicting the clinical behaviour of SFT/HPC.

Prevalence and factors influencing sensorineural hearing loss among type II diabetes mellitus patients

Background: The typical hearing loss described among diabetes patients is progressive, bilateral, sensorineural deafness of gradual onset that predominantly affects the higher frequencies. Although there is mounting evidence for a relationship between diabetes and hearing impairment the awareness of auditory organ involvement in the course of diabetes is still not widespread among healthcare providers involved in diabetes care. Objective of present study was to assess the prevalence and the factors influencing sensorineural deafness among the patients with type II diabetes mellitus.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at our hospital for a period of 6 months. All type II diabetes patients without any other major systemic illness (CVA, coronary artery disease, thyroid disorders) were included for the study. A total of 300 patients were included in our study and the informed consent was obtained from all the study participants. A detailed history related to hearing loss and diabetes status was elicited from all the patients. All basic blood investigations along with HbA1c was performed on all the patients. All the patients were subjected to pure tone audiometry and it was performed using a pure tone audiometer model AUL 12096 audiometer of Labat company in a sound proof room.Results: The total prevalence of sensori-neural deafness among the study subjects was found to be 51.3% with majority of them having mild to moderate degree of sensori-neural deafness. Increase in age, female gender, longer duration of diabetes and higher HbA1C levels are the factors which had influenced the state of sensorineural deafness among the study subjects.Conclusions: The use of audiological test at primary care level should be made mandate for screening all the diabetes patients for hearing loss such a way the quality of life can be improved for patients requiring therapeutic interventions for their hearing improvement.

Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver, Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans

Objective: To determine the antimicrobial efficacy of silver, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans. Material and Methods: Serial dilution method was employed for preparing 1%, 0.5%, 0.25% concentrations of the three test compounds. ATCC 25175 strain of streptococcus mutans was used to assess the antimicrobial activity of test compounds. Equal quantity of BHI broth was dispensed in test tubes containing sectioned tooth and to this the prepared bacterial inoculum was added. Prepared concentrations of test compounds were added accordingly and incubated for 24hrs at 370C. Then, the sectioned tooth was removed and the adherent bacteria were transferred into saline solution by vortexing. These suspensions were transferred onto sterile blood agar plate to make lawn culture and were further incubated at 370C for 24hrs to determine viable bacterial count. The number of colonies were counted manually from each plate and recorded for further analysis. Decrease in number of colonies represents the effective concentration of the test compound against the inhibition of biofilm formation. Results: A significant difference in the colony forming units among all three concentrations of silver (Ag), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc (ZnO) nanoparticles was noted and the antimicrobial effect of nanoparticles was concentration dependent. Inter group comparison of colony forming units with 1%, 0.5% and 0.25% of the test compound revealed that the colony forming units on the ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated highest value followed by TiO2 and the least were with that of the Ag nano particles. Conclusion: Silver, Zinc oxide and Titanium dioxide showed significant antimicrobial effects and the antimicrobial effect of nanoparticles was concentration dependent.

Vascular foramina of navicular bone: a morphometric study / 대한해부학회지

The navicular bone is supplied by more than one artery. The knowledge about the vascular foramina is important to understand the pathogenesis and management of navicular fractures. The objective of the present study is to analyze the morphology and morphometry of vascular foramina of dried human navicular bone in Indian population. The study was carried out by using 100 navicular bones (50 right and 50 left) collected from our institute and other medical institutes in and around Puducherry. The bones were macroscopically studied for vascular foramina with respect to its location, number, size, and shape. The data collected were statistically analyzed. The vascular foramina were present on dorsal, plantar, medial, and lateral surfaces of navicular bone. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by series of Mann-Whitney test for post hoc analysis showed the number of nutrient foramina observed on dorsal surface were significantly greater than those observed on the plantar (U=2,755, P=0.001), medial (U=43, P=0.001), and lateral (U=626.5, P=0.001) surfaces of the navicle. About 97.6% of foramina were circular and 2.5% were oval in appearance. About 96.7% of vascular foramina were <1 mm in size and 3.3% were ≥1 mm in size. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient done showed a strong, positive correlation between vascular foramina of <1 mm size and circular shape, which was statistically significant (r(s)=0.981, P=0.001). We believe the present study has provided additional information on the vascular foramina of navicular bone and useful to surgeons in foot surgeries.