Inflammatory Bowel Disease-related Colorectal Cancer in the Asia-Pacific Region: Past, Present, and Future

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), and key contributing factors include chronic colonic inflammation and the extent and duration of disease. This increase in risk is more likely to result from chronic inflammation of the colonic mucosa than from any clearly defined genetic predisposition. However, globally, the true magnitude of this risk is debatable, since results from different studies are heterogeneous in terms of geographical and methodological variables. The prevalence of IBD-related CRC in the Asia-Pacific region ranges from 0.3% to 1.8% and a recent study found that the cumulative incidence of IBD-related CRC is comparable to that in Western countries. However, the CRC mortality rate in the Asia-Pacific region is on the rise compared with that in Western countries, and a few Asian countries show particularly rapid upward trends in CRC incidence. Although our understanding of the molecular and clinical basis for IBD-related CRC has improved substantially, our means of prevention, endoscopic surveillance, chemoprevention, and prophylactic surgery remain modest at best. Furthermore, published data on IBD-related CRC in the Asia-Pacific region is lacking, and this review addresses many aspects including epidemiology, natural history, etiopathogenesis, morphology, and biological behaviors of IBD-related CRC and sporadic CRC in the Asia-Pacific region. In this review, we will also discuss the risk factors for CRC in IBD patients, endoscopic technology screening, and surveillance programs and management strategies for IBD-related CRC.

A Rare Case of Autoimmune Hepatitis Overlapping with Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia and Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura in a Male Patient

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), which predominantly affects women and usually responds to immunosuppressive therapy, is a disease characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, increased titers of serum tissue autoantibody, and an immunogenetic background. This disease can present with a variety of coexisting non-hepatic disorders presumably caused by immune dysregulation. Here we present a male AIH patient with coexisting Idiopathic thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) and Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) which is rarely reported.