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Purpose: To study the epidemiological pattern, prevalence, types, and correlates of age?related cataracts in a tertiary care center in central India. Methods: This hospital?based single?center cross?sectional study was conducted on 2,621 patients diagnosed with cataracts for 3 years. Data pertaining to demography, socio?economic profile, cataract grading, cataract types, and associated risk factors were evaluated. Statistical analysis using unadjusted odds ratio (OR) and multivariate logistic regression was performed, with P-value <0.05 considered significant with the power of the study being 95%. Results: The commonest age group affected was 60–79 years, closely followed by the 40–59 years age group. The prevalence of nuclear sclerosis (NS), cortical (CC), and posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) was found to be 65.2% (3,418), 24.6% (1,289), and 43.4% (2,276), respectively. Among mixed cataracts, (NS + PSC) had the highest prevalence of 39.8%. Smokers were found to have 1.17 times higher odds of developing NS than non?smokers. Diabetics had 1.12 times higher odds of developing NS cataracts and 1.04 times higher odds of developing CC. Patients with hypertension showed 1.27 times higher odds of developing NS and 1.32 times higher odds of developing CC. Conclusion: The prevalence of cataracts in the pre?senile age group (<60 years) was found to have increased significantly (35.7%). A higher prevalence of PSC (43.4%) was found in studied subjects, as compared to the data of previous studies. Smoking, diabetes, and hypertension were found to have a positive association with a higher prevalence of cataracts.
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Purpose: The primary objective of the study was to assess the macular retinal vessel density, subfoveal choroidal thickness, and retinal layer metrics by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), enhanced?depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI?OCT), and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD?OCT), respectively, in recovered COVID?19 patients and its comparison with the same in control subjects. The secondary objective was to evaluate differences in OCTA parameters in relation with the severity of COVID?19 disease and administration of corticosteroids. Methods: A case–control study was performed that included patients who had recovered from COVID?19 and age?matched healthy controls. Complete ocular examination including OCTA, SD?OCT, and EDI?OCT were performed three months following the diagnosis. Results: Three hundred sixty eyes of 180 subjects were enrolled between the two groups. A decreased mean foveal avascular zone area in both superficial capillary plexuses (P = 0.03) and deep capillary plexuses (P < 0.01), reduced average ganglion cell layer?inner plexiform layer thickness (P = 0.04), and increased subfoveal choroidal thickness (P < 0.001) were observed among cases in comparison to the control group. A significant correlation was found between sectoral macular vessel density in relation to disease severity and a decrease in vessel density with greater severity of the disease. Conclusion: OCTA detected retinal microvascular alterations following SARS?CoV?2 infection in subjects with the absence of any clinical ocular manifestation or systemic thrombotic events. These parameters could be used to help identify patients with a higher incidence of systemic thromboembolism on longer follow?ups and identify the impact of corticosteroids on retinal architecture.
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Research in the field of nanotechnology has witnessed rapid increase in the synthesis of Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). This has even led to development of new discipline of Nanotoxicology. Advances in the field of Nanotoxicology further led to development of new domain-nanoinformatics. This new domain of nanoinformatics provides a computational perspective to biology and nanotechnology addressing multi level integration. Nanoinformatics not only helps in predicting nanoparticle structure, composition and behaviour but also covers raw data management, analysis of data derived from biomedical applications and simulation of nanoparticle interactions with biological systems. In addition, it accelerates nano-related research and applications into clinical practice. There are various computational models developed to study the key steps in nano-medicine like drug encapsulation and release, nanoparticle targeting, delivery and uptake and nanoparticle effects on cells and tissues. These prospects have opened up a large domain enabling possibilities of nanomedicine and frontiers for clinical practice and biomedical research in a cost-effective manner along with various applications including studies in clinical trials, toxicity assays, drug delivery systems. This review highlights new approaches for Engineered nanoparticles (ENP) risk assessment and regulation.
ABSTRACT
Most of the people have become used to spicy fast food day by day. This has taken human being far away from the nature. Nowadays alcohol consumption is also increasing day by day. Ayurvedic texts has mentioned hepatocellular jaundice as Kamala. Ancient Acharyas has also mentioned 搆amali tu virechanama� as Chikitsa Sutra for Kamala. Patient was treated with an integrated approach of Ayurvedic treatment including Virechana Karma (purgation) and Shaman Chikitsa. Due to frequently intake of Pittakara Aahara (spicy and hot food), it leads to vitiation of Pitta Dosha and Virechana (purgation) is the first line of treatment for Pittadushti. Due to Ushna, Laghu, Rruksha Guna, and having Tikta -Katu Rasa of Patola, Amrita, Kutaki (ingredients of internal medication) enhances digestive capacity by hepato-protective action and Pittasaraka guna. Ayurvedic line of management i.e. Virechana therapy and Shamana Chikitsa are successful in Kamala by removing toxic waste from the body, and by correction of Agni (digestive fire). In our ancient classics, single drug along with compound drug have been mentioned in Kamala. These drugs have Kamalahara properties. These Ayurvedic formulations relieve the symptom of Daurbalya (weakness), Kshudha mandya (Appetite loss), Pitamutrata (yellow discolouration of urine), Hrullasa (nausea) and Udarshoola. Also these drugs reduce bile in blood circulation and normalize the other blood parameter. Here a case report of a 50 Years male was having Kamala (hepatocellular jaundice) who was treated with some Ayurvedic herbs and Virechana like Panchakarma and get effectively result with Ayurvedic management.