ABSTRACT
In a bid mitigate the spread of HIV and AIDS since it was diagnosed, several interventions ranging from palliative care, increased access to HIV treatment to manage opportunistic infections and the current drive of improving clinical outcomes through suppression of viral load are all aimed at prolonging survival of HIV and AIDS patients. The authors endeavour to corroborate the effect of viral load (VL) suppression on ART HIV patients. The authors applied a comprehensive search by merging terms for survival of HIV patients to clinical, demographic and socio-economic factors in NCBI and MEDLINE databases. About 15 articles were considered by outlining research questions, generating key words and search terminologies. Only articles published since 2013 during scale up of VL interventions were considered. It is worth noting that unsuppressed VL clinically decisively causes death in HIV/AIDS patients, propelled by a number of associated causes including opportunistic infections (OIs) Tuberculosis (TB), Non communicable diseases (NCDs), age, sex, income, geographic location among others. Whereas there is marked decline in risk of dying among HIV/AIDS patients resulting from VL suppression, other factors including; early detection and timely treatment, managing OIs, NCDs and TB treatment, tackling socio-economic barriers and multi-pronged community focused interventions like Community Client Led ART Delivery CCLAD, Community Drug Distribution Point (CDDP) interventions enhance survival of HIV/AIDS patients on lifelong ART.
ABSTRACT
Background: India is one of the most populated and rapidly growing countries in the world and is the source of humongous amounts of waste every year, including municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, biomedical waste or e-waste. Healthcare is one of the largest sectors in India both in terms of revenue and employment. With growing healthcare, there is a requirement of management of bio-medical waste. This study is conducted to assess discernment, apropos on dispensation of hospital waste by paramedics.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the discernment and apropos of paramedical staff in 3 private hospitals regarding disposal of waste in Bhopal city and convenience sampling was used. A total of 204 individuals were approached for the study. The collected data analysed by using SPSS 21.0 and Descriptive analysis was done.Results: Total 204 paramedical staff participated in the study out of which 125 (61.2%) were males and 79 (38.7%) were males. It showed that there was limited level of knowledge, attitude and practices among class 3 workers i.e., attenders as compared to nurses and technicians.Conclusions: Study concluded that there is lack of knowledge about waste management which leads to improper waste disposal and pointed out that class 3 workers have less knowledge as compared to class 1 and class 2 workers. The technicians and nurses comparatively were having better knowledge and attitude, and also practiced waste management better than the attenders