ABSTRACT
Objective: To observe the effects of Shisha smoke on submucosal glands of trachea of mice; and compare it with tracheal glands of mice exposed to cigarette smoke
Study Design: Randomised controlled trial
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi, in collaboration with National Institute of Health [NIH], Islamabad from October 2013 till April 2014
Methodology: Sample comprised of 40 adult male mice of strain BALB/c. They were randomly divided into three groups. Control group was labelled as Group 'C'. The mice in this group were kept in a whole body smoke exposure chamber and were exposed to fresh air. Shisha group was labelled as Group 'SS', and the mice in this group were exposed to Shisha smoke. Mice in the third group labelled as Group CS were exposed to cigarette smoke. All the mice were dissected after an exposure period of eight weeks. Tracheal tissue was stained and examined microscopically for submucosal gland hypertrophy and compared with the control group, using Reid's Index. An Index of more than 0.4 is termed as hypertrophy
Results: There was significant submucosal gland hypertrophy in groups CS and SS as compared to group C. There was also significant difference in the frequency of mucosal hypertrophy between SS [93.7%] and CS groups [53.3%], which was found statistically significant [p<0.001]
Conclusion: Shisha smoking was significantly associated with mucosal hypertrophy when compared with cigarette smoking and controls. Shisha smoke contains higher level of toxicants as compared to cigarette smoke, and it causes more oxidative damage of tissues
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Smoking Water Pipes , Trachea/pathology , Trachea/anatomy & histology , MiceABSTRACT
To study the oxidative stress of nicotine on the growth of chick, and to observe the role of antioxidant such as camellia sinensis in reducing the harmful effects of nicotine. Randomized controlled trial. The study was conducted at Army medical college in Anatomy department from 2nd November 2011 to 2nd November 2012 in collaboration with poultry research institute Rawalpindi [PRI]. Fertilized eggs of Fayoumi species were selected at zero hour of incubation. Four groups were made, each group comprising often eggs. Control group [Gl] was given normal saline, experimental group [G2] was given green tea extract, experimental group [G3] was given 0.0001% nicotine solution, and experimental group [G4] was given both 0.0001% nicotine solution and green tea extract. First exposure was at 48 hours of incubation and second at 48 hours of hatching. Chick length was measured after one month of hatching, with the help of inch tape from vertex till the third toe tip. It was observed that nicotine treated group such as [G3] and [G4] were weak as compared to the [Gl], the length of chick which was measured at one month of age was less in comparison to [G2] and [Gl]. In case of [G4], having administration of both the solution that is nicotine and green tea extract, showed better growth in comparison to nicotine treated group [G3], but its growth was less in comparison with control group [Gl] and experimental group [G2]. Green tea extract helps to undo the toxic effects of nicotine but cannot overcome the reverse effect of nicotine toxicity
ABSTRACT
To determine the effects of ginger extract on the histomorphological changes of fatty liver of hyperlipidemic diet induced NAFLD. It was randomized control trial. The study was carried out from October 2012 to March 2013, in the department of Anatomy, Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi, in collaboration with National Institute of Health [NIH], Islamabad. A total of 35 male albino mice were used and divided into 3 groups. The control group [C] was fed on normal laboratory diet, while the remaining two groups, fatty group [FG], ginger group [GN], were fed on hyperlipidemic diet for twelve weeks to induce hyperlipidemia/nonalcoholic fatty liver. Then GN group with induced hyperlipidemia/ fatty liver was administered normal laboratory diet with ginger extract as a drink in replacement of water for another twelve weeks. Total body weight was reduced as compared to their initial body weights. The histological examinations of this study revealed reverse fatty [steatotic] changes and showed marked reduction in number of fat globules, ballooning degeneration, glycogenated nuclei. This research shows that ginger extract has marked antihepatotoxic effects. Ginger extract ameliorates high fat induced fatty liver disease
ABSTRACT
To determine the comparative histological effects of Shish a and cigarettes on trachea of experimental animals. It was an analytical experimental randomized control trial. The study was carried out in the department of Anatomy, Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi, in collaboration with National Institute of Health [NIH], Islamabad. The duration of the study was 6 months. 40 adult male BALB/c mice were used and divided into 3 groups. Control group C was kept in a chamber in fresh air. Group 55 was exposed to Shisha smoke and Group CS was exposed to equivalent quantity of nicotine by burning cigarettes. All mice were dissected after 8 weeks and tissues of trachea were examined microscopically and results were compared in experimental groups. The trachea was examined for three parameters. There was marked mucus cell hyperplasia and submucosal gland hypertrophy in group SS and the difference between group 55 and CS was statistically significant [p