ABSTRACT
Citrate synthase [CS] is involved in citric acid biosynthesis which is a well-established metabolic pathway. The condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate is catalyzed by CS. Citric acid [CA] has a number of applications in pharmaceutical industry. CA in combination with bicarbonates is used as an effervescent in the preparations of tablets and powders. It has also been used as an anticoagulant and acidulant to form mild astringent. In current study, detailed structural and functional analyses of CS protein were carried out using various bioinformatics tools. Structural modeling was also done by building 3D model of CS from Aspergillus niger ANJ-120 using Modeller 9.16 software. The 3D Model was then evaluated using different online approaches. Furthermore, superimposition of query and template structures, Root Mean Squared Deviation and visualization of generated model were done through UCSF Chimera 1.5.3. Even though various roles of CS protein were already known and verified experimentally, here we presented a structural analysis of CS protein. The structural investigation of CS protein will be helpful for protein engineering strategies and understanding the interactions among proteins. Due to large number of applications, the production of citric acid by A. niger and its bioinformatics studies will offer substantial improvement in commercial scale intensification of this useful product
ABSTRACT
Amounts of DNA damage and homocysteine [Hcy] in heart patients blood may have strong function in the causation of cardiovascular disease [CVD]. The main objective of this work was to know experimentally the role of total oxidants [produced by Reactive Oxygen species [ROS], clinical biochemical indices, their oxidized products and total antioxidant status [TAS] among such patients to find the association of homocysteine, total oxidation status [TOS] and oxidative DNA damage with other clinical parameters in sixty positive CVD patients compared with those of 60 normal subjects. As compared to healthy individuals, CVD patients had significantly higher concentrations of homocysteine [p<0.0001], total oxidants stress [TOS] [p<0.0001], serum total lipids [p<0.04], malondialdehyde [MDA] [p<0.001], high density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C] [p<0.0001], and low density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C] [p<0.01], than those of healthy individuals. Plasma Hcy content, TOS and amount of DNA were positively and significantly associated with cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, urea, and albumin [p values<0.01]. TOS, Hcy and oxidative DNA damage were negatively correlated with HDL-c, TAS and proteins. It is suggested that these parameters have pivotal role in diagnostic process of determining severity in CAD patients. Oxidized products of macromolecules in blood of CVD patients impart major functions in causing CVD disease
ABSTRACT
Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species [ROS] have been documented subsist to the pathogenesis of many diseases including diabetes mellitus. The strength of both parameters could be estimated by measuring oxidative stress marker thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS], its related parameters and the antioxidants glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase [SOD] in plasma of DM patients. Lipid peroxidation was measured as TBARS and presented as malondialdehyde, total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], triglyceride [Tg], the antioxidants [vitamin A [beta-carotene], vitamin E, vitamin C, glutathione peroxidase [GPx] and superoxide dismutase] levels. The results showed that these parameters, commonly, were declined appreciably in diabetic individuals as compared to the healthy individuals. In most cases, age and gender were appeared to involve in having greater values of diabetes marker. Further, increased level of lipid peroxidation and random behaviour of antioxidant potential also associated with Diabetes. For that reason these biomarkers might be of great important to diagnosis DNA damages of diabetic patients