role of house fly [musca domestica] in the transmission of microorganisms in hospital environment [Damanhour hospital]

The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, fungi and parasites from the house-flies [Musca domestica] collected from Damanhour Hospital and from remote residential area having good sanitary conditions. From this study it can be concluded that, the house-flies, may act as vectors of potentially pathogenic bacteria in a hospital environment. Microbial studies of randomly collected flies from a hospital environment may provide an epidemiological tool for monitoring existing sanitary conditions

Monthly distribution and infection of the snails vectors of schistosomiasis with trematodes larvae in different agricultural water courses located in Beheira governorate

This study was monthly done for one year in small agricultural area in Behaira Governorate. Thirty permanent stations were chosen along primary, secondary and tertiary canals and drains, 5 stations for each. In the area of study, Biomphalaria alexandrina [B. alexandrina] snails were more prevalent than Bulinus truncatus [B. truncatus] snails, although the percentage of infected B. truncatus with different trematodes was 12 times the percentage of infected B. alexandrina snails. These two snail species of schistosomiasis were more dense from March until August during the year of study. B. alexandrina and B. truncatus seemed to be ideal intermediate hosts for holostome cercariae [about 55% of the total infected snails with different trematodes]. Schistosome was the second prevalent cercariae as well as amphistome, xiphidiocercariae, echinostome and monostome. Nevertheless, echinostome was the second prevalent cercariae in B. truncatus, in addition to amphistome, monostome and xiphidiocercariae but not schistosome cercariae. Old size snails of both kinds of schistosomiasis had a higher rate of infection with different trematodes cercariae, then medium followed by young size snails. Schistosoma mansoni [S. mansoni] cercariae were found only in old and medium size B. alexandrina snails. The highest infection with different trematodes larvae among the collected B. alexandrina snails was recorded in secondary and tertiary canals and drains, while for B. truncatus snails it was in primary and secondary canals. Also, the infected B. alexandrina snails with S. mansoni was found only in secondary and tertiary canals and drains. Conclusively, infection of both snails of schistosomiasis with different trematodes, suppress in one way or another the infection with S. mansoni and S. hematobium larvae. Suggestions of using these kinds of trematodes infection for biological control if the snails intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis were discussed

Effect of the applied pesticides in the adjacent crop field on the susceptibility of biomphalaria Alexandria snails in Beheira Governorate

The toxicity of Bayluscide against adult biomphalaria Alexandria snails collected from water course adjacent to areas cultivated with different crops [rice, maize, soyabean and cotton] showed no variations. This denotes that, the toxicity of bayluscide is not affected by the amount of the exposure of snails to various insecticides. In the case of copper sulphate the corresponding values showed evident variations. This denotes that the amount of previous exposure of snails to different insecticides may affect the degree of their susceptibility to copper sulphate

Distribution of the snail vectors of schistosomiasis in both tile-drained and open-drained areas in Beheira Governorate

Distribution Tile drains. The highest and lowest mean values of water temperature in man holes was in July and January [24 C and 15 C respectively]. The water current velocity in man holes was very fast. Biomphalaria alexandrina showed higher density in drains more than canals. On the contrary Bulinus truncatus showed higher density in canals Two peaks of high density have been observed for both types of snails in Summer and Autumn. The mean temperature in the open channels in the open and le-drained areas was 20.6 C and 21.8 C respectively. The mean rater velocity in the primary canal of tile-drained area was 17.9 cm/sec, while the mean velocity of primary canal and drain of the open drained area was 16.8 cm/sec, and 14.3 cm/sec, respectively. The other open water courses are stagnant or very slow. Thenon operculated snails Physa acuta and operculated snails Cleopatra bulimoides were the most abundant snails all over the year. High density of all detected snails was observed in Summer and Autumn. Many acquatic floating, submerged and emerged vegetations were present in high density in Summer and low density 1:1 Winter. Panicum repense was the most common species present all over the year. It was observed also that 5.65% of the collected old size liomphalaria alexandrina snails were infected with Schistosoma nansoni. No Bulinus truncatus snails showed Schistosoma haema-tobi.um infection. From this study it was concluded that environmental control of mail can be achieved through the tile-drainage system and covering also of the irrigation canals