ABSTRACT
Background: Menopause causes deterioration of functioning in routine, social, and sexual life of women. The objective of present study was to compare menopause symptoms and climacteric depression in women with and without hormone replacement therapy [HRT]
Methods: This crosssectional comparative study was conducted in the Gynaecology Wards of hospitals and private clinics in Rawalpindi/Islamabad, from September 2015 to January 2016. One hundred menopausal women were included through non-probability purposive sampling. The subjects were divided into two groups of 50 each with and without hormone replacement therapy. The study variables were measured through Menopause Rating Scale and MENO-D
Results: Psychometric properties showed high reliability of study instruments, for MENO-D [alpha=0.79] and Menopause Rating Scale [alpha=0.93]. Women not taking hormone replacement therapy reported severe symptoms of menopause and climacteric depression in comparison to women taking hormone replacement therapy [p<0.001]
Conclusion: The menopausal symptoms are less in women taking HRT. Hormone replacement therapy is beneficial for controlling severity of climacteric depression. The women may enjoy better mental health with hormone replacement therapy
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine frequency of ABO and Rh [D] blood groups among blood donors in district Swabi
Study Design: Observational / descriptive study
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at BGKMC Hospital in collaboration with physiology Department, GKMC from 1[st] January 2015 to 31[st] December 2015
Materials and Methods: A total of 2120 healthy adult, blood donors [both volunteer and directed] from district Swabi were included. The data was collected from the record of Bacha Khan Group of Teaching hospitals in collaboration with department of Physiology
Results: Among ABO blood groups "B" [31.42%] was the most prevalent, followed by "A" [30.47%], "O" [29.53%] and "AB" [8.58%]. Group Rh positive [93.11%] was more prevalent than Rh negative [6.88%]. Similarly B[+ive] [28.76%] was most frequent followed by A[+ive] [28.41%], O[+ive] [27.64%], AB[+ive] [8.3%], B[-ive] [2.64%], A[- ive][2.08%], O[-ive][ 1.89%] and AB[-ive] [ 0.28%]
Conclusion: Blood group 'B' was most frequent among the ABO blood groups and Rh [D] positive among Rh blood groups while B[+ive] was the most frequent blood group in the study population
ABSTRACT
Patients with cardiovascular disease [CVD] have the symptoms of anxiety in common that may result in adverse outcomes. Due to the significant association of anxiety and CVD, scheduled screening of all cardiac patients has been recommended by the medical authorities like the American Heart Association. But in Pakistan it is not a common practice to use such tools, reason being unavailability of such screening tools in national language therefore specifically death anxiety is unrecognized and no measures are taken for it and patients remain undertreated with death anxiety that may eventually influence on the treatment and prognosis of the patients. Colleges and hospitals of the Rawalpindi and Islamabad. 6 months. The study was designed to translate and validate the Death Anxiety Scale in Urdu language to be used with Pakistani population. The sample consisted of 210 participants [70 Youngsters [normal group] 70 Elderly and 70 patients with cardiovascular diseases [clinical group] from colleges and hospitals of the Rawalpindi and Islamabad. To determine the psychometric properties, reliability and validity; cronbach alpha, split-half reliability, correlation, factor analysis were computed. Death Anxiety Scale-Urdu [DAS-U][] has adequate reliability and validity. Factor analysis showed multifaceted structure for the DAS-U, bearing in mind the apposite psychometric characteristics; it can be used in researches about death anxiety. The use of the scale is reasonable for the measurement of death anxiety in CVD patients and it can be employed in order to have successful treatment and improve the prognosis of the patients
ABSTRACT
Diabetes is a well-known cause of sudden mortality. Due to autonomic imbalance, those patients who are suffering from ischemic heart disease and diabetes concurrently are at a greater risk of manifesting arrhythmias. Heart rate variability [HRV] can be utilised for assessment of autonomic nervous system. The purpose of this study was to identify the values of HRV in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction [AMI]. This noninterventional descriptive study was carried out at Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology over a period of 6 months. A total of 50 healthy volunteers and 50 patients with myocardial infarction [MI] were Holter monitored for 24 hours and HRV was analysed in time and frequency domains. The time domain indices; SDNN [non diabetics=78 +/- 30 ms vs diabetics=58 +/- 20 ms; p=0.01], SDANN [non diabetics=68 +/- 28 ms vs diabetics=49 +/- 19 ms; p=0.23], SDNNi [non diabetics=36 +/- 13 ms vs diabetics=26 +/- 14 ms; p=0.02], RMSSD [non diabetics=29 +/- 11 ms vs diabetics=23 +/- 15 ms; p=0.16] and pNN50 [non diabetics=7 +/- 10 ms vs diabetics=4 +/- 12 ms; p=0.43] were declined in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction when compared with non diabetic patients inflicted with infarction. Frequency domain indices, Total power [non diabetics=1479 +/- 12 ms[2] vs diabetics=759 +/- 6 ms[2], p=0.01], VLF [non diabetics=997 +/- 9 ms[2] vs diabetics=495 +/- 5 ms[2], p=0.04], LF [non diabetics=292 +/- 2 ms[2] vs diabetics=123 +/- 1 ms[2], p=0.01] and HF [non diabetics=121 +/- 1 ms[2] vs diabetics=54 +/- 5 ms[2], p=0.01] showed attenuated HRV in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. Comparison of diabetic and non diabetic infracted patients with healthy volunteers revealed decreased HRV in patients with myocardial infarction but gets even worse in diabetic patients with myocardial infarction. Heart rate variability is attenuated in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. It reflects sympatho-vagal imbalance in coronary patients with co-existent diabetes mellitus