Research progress on the expression and distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in ocular tissues / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Since 2019,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)posed a great threat to human health and social economy, which has brought out hundreds of millions infection and caused millions of deaths worldwide. With the increasing research on SARS-CoV-2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)has been regarded as a significant functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2 invasion. ACE2 is distributed in many tissues of human body, not only expressed in lung, cardiovascular, kidney tissues, but also in conjunctiva, cornea, uvea, retina and optic nerve tissue. More and more cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection through ocular tissues have been found; however, whether ocular ACE2 plays a role in SARS-CoV-2 infection is not completely clear. Therefore, study on expression and distribution of ACE2 in the ocular tissues can not only provide an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also supply a comprehensive acquaintance with the mechanism of ACE2 action in the ocular tissues. In this paper, we review recent research progress about the expression and distribution of ACE2 in ocular tissues and hope to better understand the mechanism of ACE2 in the pathophysiological processes of ocular tissues.

Huazhi Rougan Granules attenuates steatosis in cell model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by inducing autophagy / 中国中药杂志

To investigate the effect of Huazhi Rougan Granules(HZRG) on autophagy in a steatotic hepatocyte model of free fatty acid(FFA)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and explore the possible mechanism. FFA solution prepared by mixing palmitic acid(PA) and oleic acid(OA) at the ratio of 1∶2 was used to induce hepatic steatosis in L02 cells after 24 h treatment, and an in vitro NAFLD cell model was established. After termination of incubation, cell counting kit-8(CCK-8) assay was performed to detect the cell viability; Oil red O staining was employed to detect the intracellular lipid accumulation; enzyme-linked immunosorbnent assay(ELISA) was performed to measure the level of triglyceride(TG); to monitor autophagy in L02 cells, transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used to observe the autophagosomes; LysoBrite Red was used to detect the pH change in lysosome; transfection with mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus was conducted to observe the autophagic flux; Western blot was performed to determine the expression of autophagy marker LC3B-Ⅰ/LC3B-Ⅱ, autophagy substrate p62 and silent information regulator 1(SIRT1)/adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase(AMPK) signaling pathway. NAFLD cell model was successfully induced by FFA at 0.2 mmol·L~(-1) PA and 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) OA. HZRG reduced the TG level(P<0.05, P<0.01) and the lipid accumulation of FFA-induced L02 cells, while elevated the number of autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes to generate autophagic flux. It also affected the functions of lysosomes by regulating their pH. Additionally, HZRG up-regulated the expression of LC3B-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰ, SIRT1, p-AMPK and phospho-protein kinase A(p-PKA)(P<0.05, P<0.01), while down-regulated the expression of p62(P<0.01). Furthermore, 3-methyladenine(3-MA) or chloroquine(CQ) treatment obviously inhibited the above effects of HZRG. HZRG prevented FFA-induced steatosis in L02 cells, and its mechanism might be related to promoting autophagy and regulating SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway.

Treatment of a moderate volume of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in the basal ganglia by 3D printed guide plate-assisted hematoma puncture and catheter drainage / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of 3D printed guide plate-assisted hematoma puncture and catheter drainage in the treatment of a moderate volume of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in the basal ganglia.Methods:The clinical data of 42 patients with a moderate volume of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in the basal ganglia who received treatment with 3D printed guide plate-assisted hematoma puncture and catheter drainage in Dazhu Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College from January 2016 to January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. In the traditional puncture group, there were 19 patients who received traditional punctures according to preoperative cranial CT findings (traditional puncture group). In the 3D printed guide plate puncture group, there were 23 patients who received hematoma puncture and catheter drainage assisted by a 3D printed guide plate. Preoperative preparation time (from admission to operation), operative time, the number of hematoma punctures, hematoma clearance rate, postoperative indwelling time of drainage tube, residual hematoma rate, the occurrence of puncture canal bleeding, intracranial infection, Glasgow Coma Scale score measured at 3 and 7 days after surgery, and Glasgow Outcome Scale score measured at 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery were compared between the two groups.Results:There were no significant differences in preoperative preparation time and operative time between the two groups ( t = 0.25, 0.40, both P > 0.05). 3D-printed guide plate-assisted hematoma puncture reduced the probability of reveiving one more hematoma puncture during the surgery. There was no significant difference in the number of hematoma puncture between the two groups ( χ2= 0.48, P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in the probabilities of puncture canal bleeding and intracranial infection between the two groups ( χ2 = 0.05, 0.03, both P > 0.05). Postoperative indwelling time of the drainage tube in the 3D printed guide plate puncture group was significantly shorter than that in the traditional puncture group [(3.10 ± 0.38) vs. (3.46 ± 0.52) days, t = 2.65, P < 0.05]. The residual hematoma rate in the 3D printed guide plate puncture group was significantly lower than that in the traditional puncture group [(32.04 ± 5.33)% vs. (37.37 ± 5.51)%, χ2 = 3.20, P < 0.05]. There were significant differences in Glasgow Coma Scale score measured at 3 and 7 days after surgery between the two groups [(12.04 ± 1.19) points vs. (11.26 ± 0.93) points, (13.65 ± 0.88) points vs. (12.94 ± 0.97) points, t = 2.33, 2.46, both P < 0.05]. Glasgow Outcome Scale score measured at 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery in the 3D printed guide plate puncture group was 18, 21, and 22 points, respectively, which was significantly higher than 9, 11, and 12 points in the traditional puncture group ( χ2 = 4.34, 4.69, 5.17, all P < 0.05). Conclusion:3D printed guide plate assisted hematoma puncture and catheter drainage for treatment of a moderate volume of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in the basal ganglia can increase the accuracy of puncture, decrease hematoma residual rate, improve short- and long-term prognosis, does not prolong preoperative preparation time. Moreover, it costs low, is safe, and is easy to learn.

Practical application of SP-assisted PBL combined with TBL mode in pediatric first aid teaching / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To analyze and discuss the application value and teaching effect of simulate patients (SP)-assisted problem-based learning (PBL) combined with team-based learning (TBL) mode in pediatric first aid teaching, in order to provide a new reference for the reform of standardized residency training and teaching mode of pediatrics in the new era in China.Methods:A total of 103 residents who participated in the standardized training in the Department of Pediatrics of Hunan Children's Hospital from January 2018 to December 2020 were selected as the research objects, and they were divided into the control group (50 cases) and the experimental group (53 cases). The control group adopted the previous teaching mode of residents, while the experimental group adopted the SP-assisted PBL combined with TBL mode. In this study, SPSS 22.0 software was used for t test and chi-square test. Results:The examination scores of the experimental group in the theoretical knowledge of pediatric first aid, clinical thinking and skills, and application of pediatric first aid skills were higher than those in the control group [(86.98±3.42), (85.69±5.13), (89.62±4.75)] vs. [(77.23±4.16), (81.16±3.96), (76.54±5.78)], with statistically significant differences between the two groups ( P<0.05). The questionnaire survey showed that the clinical thinking and pediatric emergency skills, doctor-patient communication ability, teamwork ability and other aspects of the experimental group were significantly better than those of the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The SP-assisted PBL combined with TBL mode can produce positive effects in the standardized residency training of pediatrics, which will help residents better master pediatric first aid skills, improve their clinical comprehensive capabilities, and be more conducive to improving the quality of pediatric residency training, which is worth promoting in the new era.

Characteristics analysis for Chinese patent medicine containing Jujubea Fructus based on data mining / 中国中药杂志

Chinese patent medicine prescriptions containing Jujubea Fructus in 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the Composition Principles of Chinese Patent Drug were collected, and the characteristics of Chinese patent medicine containing Jujubea Fructus were analyzed by using data mining technology. Statistical software Excel 2019, Clementine 12.0 and SPSS 21.0 were used to conduct statistical analysis of conforming Chinese patent medicine prescriptions by means of frequency statistics, association rule analysis and cluster analysis. Finally, a total of 185 Chinese patent medicine prescriptions containing Jujubea Fructus were included in this study, involving 402 Chinese medicines and 28 kinds of high frequency Chinese medicines, with Jujubea Fructus, Poria, Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Codonopsis Radix as the top five. The deficiency-nourishing drugs were in the most common efficacy classification, mainly sweet, bitter and pungent, with most medicine properties of warm and gentle, main meridians of spleen lung and stomach, dosage forms of pills, granules and tablets, and main indications of splenic diseases. Fifteen drug combinations were obtained in association rule analysis. Eleven drug combinations were obtained by association rule analysis of Chinese patent medicine containing Jujubea Fructus in the treatment of splenic diseases, and the drugs were divided into two categories by cluster analysis. According to the above analysis, it is found that the Chinese patent medicine prescriptions containing Jujubea Fructus are mainly composed of deficiency-nourishing drugs, mostly compatible with drugs of sweet, bitter and pungent flavors, warm and gentle properties, and spleen, lung, and stomach meridians in the treatment of splenic diseases, with Sijunzi Decoction as the main drug. This study provides guidance for modern clinical application and development of Jujubea Fructus.

Mechanism of autophagy on the formation of kidney stones caused by calcified nanoparticles / 医学研究生学报

Objective　The relationship between calcified nanoparticles (CNPs) and the formation of urinary stones is drawing increasing attention and the specific mechanisms involved. This study aims to investigate the mechanisms of the formation of kidney stone caused by CNPs.　Methods　A total of 48 rats were randomly and equally divided into a CNPs group (each rat was injected with 2 mL CNPs through the tail vein to establish a rat kidney stone model of CNPs), and a control group (injected the same amount of sterile isotonic saline instead of CNPs). We compared the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins, such as Beclin-1 and LC-3, the formation of autophagosomes and calcium salt crystals in renal tissues at time points of 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 1w, 2w, 4w and 8w in two groups.　Results　The relative expression levels and positive cells of Beclin-1 and LC-3 in CNPs group at 3h,6h,12h,24h, 1w, 2w, 4w, 8w were significantly higher than those in the control group (P< 0.05), and reached the highest value at 24 (P< 0.05). The number of autophagosomes at 24h, 1w, 2w, 4w, and 8w in the CNPs group ((2.83±0.32), (3.00±0.26), (3.70±0.44), (3.90±0.98), (4.70±0.51)/HP, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the control group (0.73±0.15)/HP (P <0.05). The scores of calcium salt crystals in the CNPs group at 2w, 4w, and 8w significantly increased compared to the control group (P <0.05). The calcium salt crystal formation score ((0.92 ± 0.98) points) was positively correlated with the expression intensities of Beclin-1 and LC-3 ((6.78 ± 4.25), (2.61 ± 2.57), respectively) (r = 0.843, 0.628, P <0.05), which was positively correlated with the number of autophagosomes (2.53 ± 1.41) (r = 0.923, P <0.001).　Conclusion　CNPs may damage renal tubular epithelial cells, and induce immediate autophagic activity, also increase expression of autophagy-related proteins and autophagosome formation, which will promote the formation and aggregation of calcium salt crystals in renal tubules to some extent.

Different distributions of nerve demyelination in chronic acquired multifocal polyneuropathies / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN), Lewis-Sumner syndrome (LSS), and many chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathies (CIDPs) are representative of acquired multifocal polyneuropathy and are characterized by conduction block (CB). This retrospective study aimed to investigate the demyelinating distribution and the selective vulnerability of MMN, LSS, and CIDP with CB (CIDP-CB) in nerves.@*METHODS@#Fifteen LSS subjects (107 nerves), 24 MMN subjects (176 nerves), and 17 CIDP-CB subjects (110 nerves) were included. Their clinical information was recorded, blood and cerebrospinal fluid tests were conducted, and nerve conductions of the median, ulnar, radial, peroneal, and tibial nerves were evaluated. CB, temporal dispersion, distal motor latency (DML), and F-wave latency were recorded, and nerve conduction velocity, terminal latency index, and modified F-wave ratio were calculated.@*RESULTS@#CB was more likely to occur around the elbow in CIDP-CB than in MMN (78.6% vs. 6.8%, P < 0.01) but less likely to occur between the wrist and the elbow than in LSS (10.7% vs. 39.3%, P < 0.05). Tibial nerve CB was most frequently observed in MMN (47.4%, P < 0.05). CIDP-CB was characterized by a prolonged DML in all nerves, and slow motor nerve velocity of the upper limb was significant when CB nerves were excluded (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#We report the different distributions of segmental and diffuse demyelination of the ulnar and tibial nerves in LSS, MMN, and CIDP-CB. These distinct distributions could help in differentiating among these conditions.

Overview research status in serum spectrum-effect of Chinese materia medica / 中草药

Currently, the domestic and foreign research methods for the qualitative basis of Chinese materia medica (CMM) mainly include phytochemical separation method, pharmacological activity tracer method, chromatography, etc. The above methods have played an active role in elucidating the qualitative basis of CMM. However, how to form a multi-component research model that can better reflect the "holistic view" characteristics of CMM and reflect the effectiveness of CMM has become an important direction for scholars in the industry to explore. Serum spectrum-effect of CMM is based on the theory of spectrum-effect to study the relationship between serum chemical fingerprints and pharmacodynamics in vivo. In this paper, by consulting relevant literature, the research idea of serum spectrum-effect was collected, the research results were summarized, and the research bottleneck was analyzed and discussed, so as to provide reference for revealing the material basis of CMM.

Research on the teaching of standardized residency training based on the skill module tutorial system / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore the application and effect of the teaching of standardized residency training based on the skill module tutorial system.Methods:Through the selection and employment of skill module tutorial system, 45 pediatric residents of batch 2016 in Hunan Children's Hospital were trained from such aspects of their professional theoretical knowledge, the skill operation ability and comprehensive ability were compared and analyzed. In addition, through the questionnaire survey, the training residents gave feedback to the skill mentors, and the passing rates of graduation skills examination in 2017, 2018 and 2019 of Pediatric residents in our hospital were analyzed and compared. T test and chi-square test were performed by SPSS 17.0.Results:After the training of the skill module tutorial system, the professional theoretical knowledge score (86.45±7.59), skill operation score (89.78±6.04) and comprehensive ability score (84.09±8.43) were significantly higher than those before the training ( P<0.05). The passing rate of the first graduation skills examination in 2019 was 93.33%, which was significantly higher than 57.14% in 2017, with a significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=28.45, P<0.01), compared with the rate of 2018(80.00%), which also had a statistical difference ( χ2=6.365, P<0.05). Conclusion:The training method of skill module tutorial system is not only helpful to rapidly improve the professional skills and post competency for the residents, but also benefit for training of teachers and improvement of their comprehensive quality, which is worth popularizing and applying.

Maximize the advantage of bedside ultrasound in diagnosis and treatment of patients with COVID-19 / 解放军医学杂志

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has influenced the world deeply, nevertheless, the diagnosis of COVID-19 is currently one of the most important problems facing clinicians. Bedside ultrasound is able to diagnose the peripulmonary tissue lesions of patients with COVID-19 accurately, and is capable of diagnosing the underling diseases of critically ill patients precisely, which is beneficial to improve patients' prognosis and shorten the therapeutic period. The present article made a retrospective analysis of ultrasound applications and examination results on patients with COVID-19 in Huoshenshan Hospital from February 4 to April 7, 2020, summarized the practice and experience of making full use of bedside ultrasound to diagnose and evaluate patients with COVID-19 treated in Huoshenshan Hospital, so to improve the ability of bedside ultrasound as a non-invasive physical examination against major infectious diseases outbreaks further.

Preliminary study on the clinical value of noninvasive prenatal testing of fetal chromosomal copy number variations / 中国实用妇科与产科杂志

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical value of non-invasive prenatal testing(NIPT)for screening fetal chromosomal copy number variations(CNVs) and microdeletion/microduplication syndromes(MDs).METHODS: Retrospective analysis was made in the 10 005 women who received NIPT during the first trimester(15-20+ 6 weeks)from January,2012 to July,2017,at First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province,Department of Genetic Diagnosis Center.Among them 32 pregnant women were indicated fetal CNVs,25 of 32 pregnant women selected interventional prenatal diagnosis.Statistical analysis was made on the amniotic fluid/cord blood chromosome G band karyotype and high-throughput sequencing(NGS)genome copy number analysis was made,and relevant CNVs were searched and analyzed in the corresponding database;the consistency of CNVs found in NIPT with interventional prenatal diagnosis was statistically analyzed.RESULTS: During the second trimester(15-20+ 6 weeks),in the 10 005 pregnant women who received NIPT testing 32 cases were shown to have high risks of fetal CNVs,and the screening positive rate was 0.32%(32/10 005).In 25 high risk pregnant women who accepted invasive prenatal diagnosis via informed choice,14 women wereconfirmed as fetal CNVs,the positive predictive value(PPV)of NIPT being 56%(14/25),including 9 cases of microdeletion and 5 cases of microduplication.The sizes were between 587.75 kb and 36.05 Mb.The size and the start and end positions of CNVs found by NIPT were similar to those of fetal DNA samples detected by NGS.Among 14 cases of fetal CNVs,11 cases were identified as MDs,3 cases as unknown clinical significance.In 11 cases of MDs,8 cases were observed fetal chromosome structure abnormalities by karyotype analysis,10 cases were confirmed as de novo abbreviations,and 2 cases as originated from paternal same MD.After genetic counseling,10 pregnant women in 11 cases of MDs chose informed terminations,and one case chose continuing pregnancy.CONCLUSION: As a high-precision screening method,NIPT is expected to be an effective mean to screen for fetal CNVs,which can be used to detect highrisk chromosome microdeletion and microduplication CNVs of larger segments.High risk cases of fetal CNVs found by NIPT require invasive prenatal diagnosis for validation.

Exploration on professor 's space-time acupuncture of the eightfold method of the sacred tortoise / 中国针灸

The space-time acupuncture is a new needling method, summarized by professor on the base of the inheritance of four time-acupuncture method in ancient time and the absorption of the European medical culture idea, aiming to the application of the combination of time acupoints and space acupoints. Through constructing the internal and external field, the field effect of human body self-healing function is mobilized. The space-time acupuncture of the eightfold method of the sacred tortoise is one of the four methods, on the base of the acquired eight diagrams and the night numbers of diagrams, and in match with the eight confluent points. It is a special structure of "number, diagram and acupoint". The authors explain systematically the space-time acupuncture of the eightfold method of the sacred tortoise in the aspects of the opening of time acupoints and composition of space acupoints as well as the characteristics of its clinical operation so as to elaborate the essential composition and the feature of clinical application of such method. Moreover, professor 's innovation is introduced besides inheriting the ancient experience and the theoretic connotation is explored on the spatial acupoint corresponding to the time acupuncture of ancient eightfold method of the sacred tortoise.

Mechanism of Fuzheng Quxie Prescription Against Liver Injury of ConA Model Mice / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the protective effect of Fuzheng Quxie prescription on liver injury by influencing the expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, apoptosis factor (Fas), apoptosis factor ligand (FasL), and macrophages (CD68) in the liver tissues of concanavalin A(ConA) model mice. Method:The sixty mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group,bicyclol group (62.5 mg·kg-1), and low, medium and high-dose Fuzheng Quxie prescription groups(50.3,67.0,83.8 g·kg-1). The normal group and the model group were given the equal volume of pure water for 7 d. They were fasted for 12 hours before the last administration. At 2nd hour after the last administration, phosphate buffer(PBS) was injected into the caudal vein of the normal group, and ConA (20 mg·kg-1) was injected into the caudal vein of the other groups for modeling. The animals were put to death six hours later after the injection, and the expressions of TNF-α, Fas, FasL and CD68 in liver tissues were observed by immunohistochemistry. Result:Compared with normal group, the expressions of TNF-α, Fas, FasL and CD68 in the liver tissues of the model group were significantly increased(Pα, FasL and CD68 in liver tissues of the bicyclol group were significantly decreased compared with the model group(Pα, FasL and CD68 in liver tissues were significantly decreased in medium and high-dose Fuzheng Quxie prescription groups (PPConclusion:Fuzheng Quxie prescription can effectively reduce the apoptosis of liver cells in ConA model mice by inhibiting Kupffer cells and Fas/FasL system activation.

Changes of Serum Biomarkers levels in Early Stage of Alcohol-induced Liver Injury in Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the dynamic changes of the biomarkers of alcoholic liver injury, including glutamate dehydrogenase(GLDH), α-glutathione-S-transferase(α-GST), purine nucleotide phosphorylase(PNP), and arginine enzyme 1(Arg1), and clarify whether these indexes can be used as early diagnostic biomarkers for alcoholic liver injury. Method:48 Wistar rats were randomly divided into a blank group and a model group, 24 rats in each group, half male and half female. After fasting but except water for 7 h, 50% ethanol/10 mL·kg-1 was given to the model group by intragastric administration and the same volume of normal saline was administered to the blank group. After 1 h, 50% ethanol was again given for once by intragastric administration according to the previous dosage. In the blank group, the same volume of normal saline was administered. After modeling and administration for 6 d, acute alcoholic liver injury model was established. 3 h after the last intragastric administration of alcohol at day 2, 3, 4, 6, six rats (half male and half female) in each group were randomly selected. All the animals were sacrificed to determine the aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), bilirubin(TBIL), GLDH, α-GST, PNP, and Arg1 levels. Result:As compared with the blank group, the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, TBIL, GLDH, PNP, α-GST and Arg1 in the model group were significantly different (Pα-GST and Arg1 levels were increased earlier and more significantly than ALT and AST levels. Conclusion:GLDH, PNP, α-GST and Arg1 can be used as biomarkers for early detection of alcoholic liver injury.

Changes of CCl4-induced of Liver Injury in Rats for 24 Hours / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To replicate the animal model of liver injury in rats by using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), investigate the dynamic changes of early biomarkers of liver injury, namely glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), purine nucleotide phosphorylase(PNP), α-dynamic changes of glutathione-S-transferase (α-GST) and arginase 1(Arg1), and provide experimental evidence for early detection of acute liver injury. Method:Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into a blank group and a model group. The model group was intraperitoneally injected with 10 mL·kg-1 10% CCl4 olive oil solution, fasting but except water. Animals were sacrificed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. The serum liver function alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin (TBIL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, α-GST, Arg1, GLDH, PNP levels, and liver homogenate superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were then detected. Result:As compared with blank group, the levels of ALT, AST, TBIL, α-GST, Arg1, GLDH, PNP and MDA were increased significantly 3 h after administration, and SOD was decreased significantly(Pα-GST, ARG-, GLDH, TBIL, ALP and MDA were increased significantly, while GSH and SOD were decreased significantly (PPα-GST, Arg1, TBIL, ALP and MDA were significantly increased, while GSH and SOD were significantly decreased (PConclusion:α-GST, Arg1, GLDH and PNP have better sensitivity than traditional liver function test indicators, and can be used for early detection of liver injury induced by CCl4 in rats.

Dynamic Changes of Biomarker Levels in Early Stage of Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To determine whether glutathione dehydrogenase (GLDH), purine nucleotide phosphorylase (PNP), α-glutathione-S-transferase (α-GST), and arginase 1 (Arg1) can be used as the early biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury by comparing the changes of traditional biomarkers alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TBIL) and potential biomarkers GLDH, PNP, α-GST and Arg1 in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury model rats. Method:The 48 rats were randomly divided into two groups:blank group and model group. 24 rats in each group, half male and half female. The model group received 1 250 mg·kg-1 APAP solution by intragastric administration to establish the drug-induced liver injury. 6 rats (half male and half female) were randomly selected from each group at 3, 6,12 and 24 h after APAP was given to the model group, to detect the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, TBIL, GLDH, PNP, α-GST, Arg1 in serum and levels of GLDH, PNP, α-GST, Arg1 in liver tissue homogenate at each time point Histopathological changes of liver tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Result:As compared with the blank group, the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, TBIL, GLDH, PNP, α-GST and Arg1 in serum and liver homogenates were significantly increased in model group(PPα-GST and Arg1 levels in serum and liver tissues of rats in the model group were increased earlier and more significantly than ALT and AST levels. Conclusion:GLDH, PNP, α-GST and Arg1 can be used as biomarkers for early detection of drug-induced liver injury.

Research progress on dose-effect relationship of Chinese materia medica / 中草药

The dose-effect relationship of Chinese materia medica (CMM) is the basis to determine the clinical dosage, as well as the key to ensure the safety and effectiveness in clinic. In this paper, the author reviews and summarizes the research ideas, research status, and research bottlenecks related to the dose-effect relationship of CMM in the past 10 years. It is suggested to introduce the theory of spectrum-effect relationship into the study of dose-effect relationship, so as to provide reference for further research on the dose-effect relationship of CMM.

Medication rules of Professor Zhang Bing in treatment of skin itching based on data mining / 中国中药杂志

Skin itching is a subjective sensation that causes the desire to scratch. It is one of the most common clinical symptoms at department of dermatology, even the only complaint of dermatological patients, which seriously affects the quality life of patients. Therefore, based on the software of traditional Chinese medicine inheritance auxiliary platform, association rules and complex system entropy clustering were adopted to collect and analyze Zhang Bing's prescriptions for skin itching, and get the drug use frequency and the relationship between drugs. Based on that, we could conclude the experience for skin itching. A total of 147 prescriptions were collected, 20 drugs with a frequency of 34 or more and 20 high-frequency drug combinations were analyzed, and 14 core combinations and 7 new prescriptions were excavated. The high-frequency drugs included Kochiae Fructus, Dictamni Cortex, Mori Cortex. The high-frequency drug combinations included "Kochiae Fructus-Dictamni Cortex" "Angelicae Dahuricae Radix-Chuanxiong Rhizoma" "Paeoniae Radix Rubra-Paeoniae Radix Alba", and the core combinations included "Schizonepetae Herba-Saposhnikoviae Radix-Cinnamomi Ramulus" "Arctii Fructus-Cicadae Periostracum-Houttuyniae Herba" "Ghrysanthemi Indici Flos-Kochiae Fructus-Dictamni Cortex", and new formulations include "Schizonepetae Herba, Saposhnikoviae Radix, Cinnamomi Ramulus, Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma, Tribuli Fructus, Dictamni Cortex", "Phellodendri Chinensis Coritex, Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Ghrysanthemi Indici Flos, Kochiae Fructus, Dictamni Cortex" "Arctii Fructus, Cicadae Periostracum, Houttuyniae Herba, Trichosanthis Fructus". The result of this research shows that Professor Zhang Bing's experience in the treatment of skin itching is mainly to dispelling wind and arresting itching, clearing heat and drying dampness.

Association of copy number of SMN1 and SMN2 with clinical phenotypes in children with spinal muscular atrophy / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the association of copy number of SMN1 and SMN2 with clinical phenotypes in children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).@*METHODS@#A total of 45 children with SMA were enrolled. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was used to measure the gene copy numbers of SMN1 and SMN2. The association of copy number of SMN1 and SMN2 with clinical phenotypes was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Of the 45 children with SMA, 42 (93%) had a homozygous deletion of SMN1 exons 7 and 8, and 3 (7%) had a deletion of SMN1 exon 7 alone. No association was found between SMA clinical types and the deletion types of SMN1 exons 7 and 8 (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in the distribution of SMN2 gene copy numbers between the children with SMA and the healthy children (P<0.05). The children with SMA usually had two or three copies of SMN2 gene, while the healthy children usually had one or two copies of SMN2 gene. There was a significant difference in the distribution of SMN2 copy numbers among the children with different SMA clinical types (P<0.05). The children with two copies of SMN2 gene had a significantly lower age of onset than those with three or four copies. Most of the children with type I SMA had two or three copies of SMN2 gene. Most of the children with type II SMA had three copies of SMN2 gene. Most of the children with type III SMA had three or four copies of SMN2 gene. Children with a higher copy number of SMN2 gene tended to have an older age of onset and better motor function and clinical outcome, and there was a significant association between SMN2 gene copy number and clinical outcome (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The SMN2 gene can reduce the severity of SMA via the dosage compensation effect. SMN2 copy number is associated with the phenotype of SMA, and therefore, it can be used to predict disease severity.

A non-surgical rat model of foreign body-associated urinary tract infection with ESBLs-producing E.coli injection / 医学研究生学报

Objective At present, the traditional model of urinary tract infection is not only complex in operation process but also easy to be infected, and the model with simple transurethral bacterial injection is not stable enough. This study established a rat model of foreign body-associated urinary tract infection. A spiral polyethylene tube (PT) was placed transurethrally into the bladder by transurethral inoculation with extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli (ESBLs E.coli).Methods SD female rats were randomly divided into blank control group, no foreign body groups at 7d and 14d, foreign body groups at 7d and 14d. ESBLs E.coli was injected transurethrally by foreign body into the bladder in foreign body groups. The same volumes of ESBLs E.coli and sterile saline were injected respectively in no foreign body and blank groups. Examination was made on bilateral renal gravity index, the numbers of white blood cells and neutrophils, the bacteriological and pathological changes in urine and kidney.Results The bilateral renal gravity index, the percentage of neutrophils and and the positive rates of renal and urine bacteria culture in foreign body groups at 7d and 14d were significantly higher than those in blank control group and no foreign body groups(P＜0.05). The number of white blood cells in foreign body group at 7d was significantly higher than those of blank control and no foreign body group(P＜0.05). The positive rates of renal and urine bacteria culture were 100% in the foreign body groups at 7d and 14d. The positive rate of urine bacteria culture in no foreign body at 7d was 33.3%. Under the light microscope, there were inflammatory changes in the kidney and bladder tissues of the rats in foreign body groups, and a few fibrous tissues were formed around glomeruli in foreign body group at 14d.Conclusion The establishment of a highly successful and stable rat model of urinary tract infection can be successfully achieved by injection of ESBLS E.coli through transurethral foreign body placed in bladder.