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Objective To analyze clinicopathologic features of sebaceoma. Methods Clinical, pathologic and immunohistochemical findings from 31 cases of sebaceoma were retrospectively analyzed. The clinicopathologic features of sebaceoma were investigated. Results There were 9 males and 22 females. The patients′ age was 53.90 ± 15.40 years, and the clinical course was 9.41 ± 13.75 years. Sebaceoma predominantly affected the face. The common lesion of sebaceoma was red, yellowish?red, skin?colored or slight brown papules, with no subjective symptoms in most cases. Histopathologically, neoplasms had symmetric structures, and were located in the dermis. Epidermal involvements were found in 9 cases. The neoplasm cells were mainly composed of basaloid cells, a few mature sebocytes and some transition cells. The proportion of mature sebocyts was less than 1%in 26 cases, less than 20%in 2 cases, and 20%-40%in 3 cases. Mitoses were occasionally found in 5 cases. One patient was complicated by eccrine poroma. Varying amounts of ducts were found in all the patients. Immunohistochemical staining showed that epithelial membrane antigen was expressed on ducts and mature sebocytes in all the patients, while epithelial antigen was undetected in any of the patients. Carcinoembryonic antigen, androgen receptor and D2?40 were found in 20, 24 and 28 patients with sebaceoma, respectively. Conclusions The diagnosis of sebaceoma mainly depends on histopathological examination. Combined immunohistochemical detection of epithelial membrane antigen, androgen receptor and D2?40 is beneficial to its differential diagnosis.
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Objective To explore the effect of the transtheoretical model of health behavior change on initial insulin injection in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Thirty elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, receiving traditional training of insulin injection , were recruited as control group ( n = 30 ) between December 2013 and March 2014 . Another 30 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, who received an education program based on the transtheoretical model of health behavior change for insulin injection training ( 30 minutes for each time and 4 times in total ) , were recruited as experiment group ( n=30 ) between April 2014 and July 2014. The knowledge of insulin injection and the operational skills in the two groups were compared between the two groups. Result Both the knowledge and operational skills at insulin injection in the experiment group were significantly better than those in the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion The transtheoretical model of health behavior change can be significant for improving the operational skills at insulin injection and therefore it can be effective in controling of blood sugar.
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Objective To investigate the expressions of advanced glycosylation end products (AGE) in skin of mice with diabetes mellitus (DM) for different durations,and to evaluate their influence on collagen fibers.Methods Forty healthy 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into DM group (n =20) and control group (n =20) to receive multiple intraperitoneal injections of low dose streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) and citric acid buffer (0.1 mol/L),respectively,for 5 consecutive days.Ten mice were sacrificed in each group on week 4 and 12 respectively after the last intraperitoneal injection,and full-thickness skin tissue samples were harvested from the middorsal region of each mouse.Then,hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was performed to observe histological changes,and total collagen content was estimated according to hydroxyproline content measured by an alkalinehydrolysis method.The cross-linking degree of collagen was determined by Edman degradation method using pepsin,the mRNA expression level of collagen type Ⅰ and Ⅲ by real-time quantitative PCR,the content of AGE by fluorospectrophotometry and Western blotting,and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) by using a thiobarbituric acid method.Statistical analysis was carried out by t test.Results As light microscopy showed,the skin became obviously thinner in the diabetic mice with a progressive decrease in the number of collagen fibers in comparison with the control mice.On week 4 and 12 after the last injection,the diabetic mice exhibited a significant reduction in the content of hydroxyproline ((684.5 ± 76.7) vs.(787.7 ± 87.7) rg/g,(558.1 ± 73.1) vs.(757.8 ± 75.3) mg/g,both P ＜ 0.01) and in the levels of cross-linked collagen as well as mRNA expressions of collagen Ⅰ and Ⅲ (P ＜ 0.01 or 0.05),but a significant increase in the content of AGE ((37.47 ± 10.65) vs.(26.39 ± 3.74) AUF/mg hydroxyproline,(47.70 ± 5.66) vs.(29.91 ± 6.50) AUF/mg hydroxyproline,both P ＜ 0.01) and MDA ((6.62 ± 0.47) vs.(4.82 ± 0.56) μmol/L,(8.63 ± 0.36) vs.(5.15 ± 0.46) μmol/L,both P＜ 0.01) in skin tissue,compared with the control mice.The level of non-cross-linked collagen in skin tissue was also lower in the diabetic mice than in the control mice on week 12 (P ＜ 0.05).Moreover,the contents of hydroxyproline and the expression levels of collagen I in skin were significantly lower (P ＜ 0.05),but the levels of AGE and MDA were significantly higher (P ＜ 0.01) in the diabetic mice on week 12 than in those on week 4.Conclusions The characteristics of collagen fibers in skin are altered in diabetic mice when compared with normal control mice,which may be associated with increased AGE content and oxidative injury in skin.
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Objective To observe the expression and location of galactose β-1,4-glycosidic bonds (Gal β-1,4-GlcNAc) in keloid tissue,and to investigate the role of glycoprotein galactosylation in the formation of keloid.Methods This study included 10 keloid tissue specimens,7 hyperplastic scar tissue specimens,and 6 normal skin specimens.Lectin blot analysis was performed to measure the glycosylation level of glycoproteins,saturated picric acid-Sirius red staining followed by polarization microscopy to observe the type,expression and distribution of collagens in these specimens.The type Ⅰ/type Ⅲ collagen ratio was calculated.Immunofluorescence-based histochemistry was carried out by using Ricinus communis agglutinin I to analyze the expression and location of Gal β-1,4-GlcNAc in these skin samples,and double immunofluorescent staining to observe the colocalization of Gal β-1,4-GlcNAc and type Ⅰ procollagen α1.Results Compared with the normal skin tissue,the keloid tissue showed a significant increase in the expression of Gal β-1,4-GlcNAc in glycoproteins with a relative molecular mass of 30 000 to 40 000.Polarization microscopy revealed that there was a considerable expression of type Ⅰ collagen fibers,which amounted to (71.53 ± 4.03)％ in all the collagen fibers.The type Ⅰ/type Ⅲ collagen ratio was significantly higher in keloid tissue specimens than in normal tissue specimens (2.56 ± 0.53 vs.0.91 ± 0.11,P ＜0.05).Fluorescence microscopy showed that Gal β-1,4-GlcNAc was uniformly distributed in the membrane and cytoplasm of fibroblasts in keloid tissue,and the expression intensity of Gal β-1,4-GlcNAc in keloid tissue was notably stronger than that in normal skin tissue.There was a colocalization between Gal β-1,4-GlcNAc and type Ⅰ procollagen α1 in keloid tissue.Conclusions The expression of Gal β-1,4-GlcNAc,which is mainly observed in fibroblasts,is upregulated in keloid tissue,suggesting that Gal β-1,4-GlcNAc may be involved in the modulation of factors responsible for excessive fibre formation during the repair process of keloid.
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Objective To investigate the expressions of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptors in keloid. Methods Serum and skin tissue specimens were collected from 20 patients with keloid, 20 patients with hyperplastic scar and 20 normal human controls. Fluorospectrophotometer was used to measure the serum level of AGEs, and immunohistochemistry and Western blotting to detect the expressions of AGEs and AGER in skin tissue specimens. Results The serum level of AGEs was (0.713 ± 0.098) AU/ml and (0.699 ± 0.077) AU/ml respectively in patients with keloid and those with hypertrophic scar, significantly higher than that in normal controls (0.179 ± 0.056 AU/ml, F = 283.82, P < 0.01 ). A positive expression of AGEs and AGER was observed in tissue specimens of keloid and hyperplastic scar, but not in the control specimens. As Western blotting showed, the expressions of AGEs and AGER were higher in tissue specimens of keloid and hyperplastic scar than in the control specimens (F = 18.04, 42.80, both P < 0.05), while no significant difference between keloid and hyperplastic scar tissue specimens was observed (P> 0.05). Conclusion There is a high expression of AGEs and AGER in keloid, which may contribute to the development of keloid.
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Objective To study the expression of gravin in the keloid and to investigate its probable role in the pathogenesis of keloid. Methods Skin biopsy was performed and skin samples were obtained from 18 normal human controls and 25 patients with keloid. The mRNA expression of gravin in specimens was detected by real-time fluorescent RT-PCR, and double immunofluorescence analysis was used to investigate the distribution of gravin protein in skin tissues. Results As detected by real time PCR, the relative expression of gravin mRNA was remarkably reduced in comparison with normal skin (0.4565±0.1728 vs 0.0953±0.0664, P<0.01). Results of double staining indicated that, in normal skin, gravin was primarily distributed in the cytoplasm of fibroblasts; while in keloid, it was observed mainly in macrophages and sporadically in fibroblasts. Conclusions Compared with the normal skin, keloid shows a different expression intensity and distribution of gravin, which might contribute to the development of keloid by regulating the proliferation of fibroblasts and activation of macrophages.