ABSTRACT
Oxidative stress (OS) is an early event and at the same time also a consequence in the pathology of MetS. We investigated if oxidation markers of DNA, lipid and protein increased with an increase in the risk parameters of MetS. Participants (male:70, female:90 ≥ 20 yrs) were categorized based on the number of risk factors they had as 3 Risk, 2 Risk, 1 Risk and 0 Risk for MetS and were evaluated for various oxidation markers. Protein carbonyl and advanced oxidation protein product (protein oxidation marker) differed significantly between the four study group while malondialdehyde and hydroxynonenal (lipid peroxidation marker) did not. “8-OH dG” (DNA oxidation marker) differed significantly (P< 0.05) while total antioxidant capacity did not demonstrate significant difference in its values across the group (P> 0.05). Pairwise comparison for statistically significant markers(Protein oxidation markers and 8-OH dG), demonstrated that only 8-OH dG differed significantly between 0 Risk- 3 Risk (P< 0.012) but not between 0 Risk -2 Risk and 0 Risk-1 Risk. Oxidative stress markers of DNA, lipid and protein do not increase with an increase in the risk parameters of MetS. However, it is indeed high in MetS with 3 and more risk parameters. Presence of 2 or 1 Risk also increases OS compared to 0 Risk. There is oxidative stress damage in MetS to lipid and protein but DNA damage was of significant consequence.
ABSTRACT
Background: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of global burden of disease. Uncontrolled hypertension is associated with long term risk of damage to vital organs like brain, heart, kidney, blood vessels and eye i.e. Target Organ Damage (TOD). Medical scientists all over the world have been in search for an indicator which can accurately predict TOD. It is accepted that Microalbuminuria (MA) represents a more generalised vascular problem, not only confined to renal microcirculation. MA is found in a significant proportion of non-diabetic population, particularly in association with hypertension and is a predictor of cardiovascular disease. The objective of the study was to evaluate MA in hypertension and its correlation with TOD. Methods: A Hospital based cross sectional study carried out in the department medicine of central referral hospital, a well-equipped tertiary care hospital in East Sikkim, Gangtok. 200 patients were recruited fulfilling the inclusion criteria of pre hypertension, stage 1 & 2 hypertension as defined by JNC 7 report. Patients with secondary hypertension, DM, ESRD & hyperuricemia were excluded. MA was estimated by Immunoturbidimetry. Results: MA is associated with all TOD but significant correlation was found only with retinopathy. Out of 200 study subjects, 90 (45%) subjects had retinopathy out of which 54 (60%) had MA and 36 (40%) did not have MA. (P <0.0001) Conclusion: MA has established its position in DM where it indicates early end organ damage and heralds cardiovascular risk. Its role as a reliable indicator of TOD in non-diabetic hypertensives needs further evaluation.
ABSTRACT
Background: There has been an alarming rise in the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in India especially involving the age group of less than 45 years. In recent past, various studies focused on hemostatic aspects of CAD, but could not determine the significance of thrombophilic molecular marker in combination. The study was undertaken to investigate the association of thrombophilia related molecular markers in young patients with CAD. Materials and Methods: Thirty diagnosed patients with CAD of either sex under 40 years were included. Thirty healthy age and sex matched control subjects without evidence of CAD formed the control group. Detailed history and clinical examination findings were recorded. In addition to routine investigations, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based molecular analysis for Factor V Leiden (FVL), methyltetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) gene, and prothrombin gene mutation were carried out. Results: The mean age (± SD) was 36.86 ± 3.90 years in the patients. Smoking was the most prevalent risk factor. FVL, MTHFR and TNFR2 gene mutation were seen in nine (30%) patient. Three patients had presence of more than one mutation. FVL, MTHFR and TNFR2 gene mutation was found in 4 (13.3%), 3 (10%), and 5 (16.6%) patients respectively. Prothrombin gene mutation was not seen in any of the subjects. There was no significant difference in lipid profile, fibrinogen levels and CRP among the patients with mutation and patients without mutation. Conclusion: Almost one-third of the cases were positive for the various mutations in the study and the presence of at-least one or the other risk factor adds on to the risk of future thrombosis. There is a need to demonstrate or document these mutations in a larger group further based upon ethnicity and geographic distribution.