ABSTRACT
To explore the interaction of health literacy and second-hand smoke exposure on psychopathological symptoms of middle school students. From November 2015 to January 2016, 22 628 middle school students from Shenyang of Liaoning Province, Bengbu of Anhui Province, Xinxiang of Henan Province, Ulanqab of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Chongqing Municipality, and Yangjiang of Guangdong Province were enrolled by using the multi-stage cluster convenience sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect the data including demographic information, health literacy, second-hand smoke exposure, and psychopathological symptoms. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the interaction of health literacy and second-hand smoke exposure on psychopathological symptoms of middle school students. The age of students was (15.36±1.79) years old, of which 10 990 were boys, accounting for 48.6% of total students. The detection rate of psychopathological symptoms was 29.1% (6 581/22 628). The detection rate of psychopathological symptoms in those who were exposed to second-hand smoke was 38.1% (2 401/6 304), which was higher than that in the non-second-hand smoke exposure group [25.6% (4 180/16 324)] (0.001). The (95) of the interaction between medium and low levels of overall health literacy, low level of interpersonal dimension of health literacy and second-hand smoke exposure was 1.19 (1.15-1.24), 2.00 (1.92-2.10) and 1.59 (1.52-1.66), respectively. There was a positive interaction between middle and low levels of overall health literacy, low level of interpersonal dimension of health literacy and second-hand smoke exposure on psychopathological symptoms of middle school students.
ABSTRACT
Chinese medicine is the treasure of China. It has been the safe guard of health in China for thousands of years. Processing of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important process of removing crude extracts from natural products and achieving pharmacological properties of TCM. The connotation and norms of herbal preparation in the past dynasties have been improved gradually, and have been included in the code system since the Tang Dynasty. The process of legislative evolution is closely related to the fate and development of TCM. In the era of full-scale rejuvenation of Chinese medicine, with the development of Chinese medicine industry to 4.0, the perfection of the standards and standard system with the construction of quality standardization of Chinese medicine as the core, especially under the Pharmacopoeia system, is the important support and guarantee for the promotion of the whole industry, which is also an important part of the rejuvenation of the entire Chinese medicine industry.
Subject(s)
China , Drug Industry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Plant PreparationsABSTRACT
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoction pieces refer to prescription drugs that can be used in clinical or preparation production after processing medicinal herbs. TCM decoction pieces industries are inherited from the culture of TCM and are important because of their independent intellectual property rights. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Ch. P) 2010 edition stipulated that "All drugs taken are decoction pieces", which raised the drug status to statutory law for the first time and clearly specified that TCM decoction pieces should be applied to TCM prescription deployment and production of proprietary Chinese medicines. It also pointed out that "The specifications of the decoction pieces used in the preparation should comply with the requirements of the actual process of the corresponding formulation type". For a long time, both the processing methods and the specification grades of the clinically used pieces of Chinese medicine were based on the inheritance and supported by the classical theory and method system centered on TCM processing. However, the theoretical research and specification standards of the decoction pieces used in the production of proprietary Chinese medicines based on modern industry are scarce, and this has led to a series of problems related to the industry, making the processing of decoction pieces becoming a limiting factor in the promotion of the Chinese medicine industry. Aiming at the existing problems of the TCM decoction pieces industry, this article was guided by the standardization system of TCM based on the concept of whole-process quality control, combined with the reference to the Japanese Kampo medicine industry's feeding mode and the reflection on the combination of traditional Chinese medicine processing and modern industry, as well as the study of the core law of the whole-process of TCM production, etc. Industrial decoction pieces and the idea of building a standardized system of TCM industry decoction pieces based on the whole-process quality control were discussed in this paper, which can provide insights for exploring the effective fusion between TCM processing theory and classic heritage and modern manufacturing and can provide the basis for the establishment of a standardized system for industrial decoction pieces based on whole-process quality control of TCM. It can also offer reference for the development of the advantages of geo-authentic crude drug and the establishment of high spots of industry decoction pieces.