ABSTRACT
Gouty arthritis （GA） is the metabolic rheumatism caused by purine metabolism disorder， which can be acute or chronic. The main manifestations of GA include recurrent redness， swelling， heat pain， and dysfunction of the affected joints. According to the theory of modern medicine， GA is closely associated with the increase in uric acid， the participation of inflammatory cytokines， the weakening of antioxidant response， apoptosis， and the imbalance of intestinal flora and bone metabolism， whereas the specific pathogenesis remains unclear. GA is characterized by easy diagnosis， difficult treatment， and high recurrence rate， which seriously affects the life quality of patients. Colchicine， corticosteroids， non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs， and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors are the commonly used western medicines for this disease， which demonstrate remarkable short-term therapeutic effect. However， long-term use of these medicines will bring serious adverse reactions. Chinese medicines， with high safety and causing few adverse reactions， have a variety of active components which can act on multiple pathways and targets to exert synergistic effects， thus attracting wide attention. This paper systematically reviews the literature reporting the Chinese medicines in improving antioxidant response， reducing chondrocyte apoptosis， and regulating intestinal flora and bone metabolism， aiming to further clarify the pathogenesis of GA and provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of Chinese medicines in the prevention and treatment of GA.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Autophagy may be a tumor-inhibiting factor at the early stage of carcinogenesis, while at late stage, it may support or promote the tumor growth and spread, and may contribute to drug resistance. OBJECTIVE: To review the related literature at home and abroad, summarize the relationship between autophagy and osteosarcoma, and explore the mechanism of autophagy in osteosarcoma and its therapeutic prospect. METHODS: CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and PubMed databases were retrieved with the keywords of “autophagy, chemotherapy, autophagy related factors, osteosarcoma, apoptosis, drug resistance” in Chinese and English, respectively. The articles related to the mechanism of autophagy in bone tumors were included. The literature was screened according to the selection criteria, and the repetitive and the long-standing literature were excluded. Fifty-two articles were included for review and analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Autophagy may be an important factor in promoting and preventing cancer, and its effect varies with the occurrence of development of tumor. (2) The full understanding and regulation of autophagy pathway can significantly improve the potential of tumor therapy. (3) Considering the importance of autophagy in tumor biology, research on autophagy-regulated miRNA will help us to better understand malignant tumors and may discover new disease markers and treatment strategies. (4) The above conclusion still needs a lot of scientific research and reasonable experiments to confirm.