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Objective:To investigate the association of peripheral axial lengths and retinal curvatures with refractive status.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted out.Two hundred and eighty-seven eyes of 287 consecutive children aged 6-15 years old who recieved eye examinations at Beijing Tongren Hospital from July to October 2021 were enrolled, including 154 males and 133 females.Uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity were tested with a standard logarithmic visual acuity chart.Spherical equivalent (SE) was measured via an auto refractometer after cycloplegia with tropicamide.The hyperopic, emmetropic and myopic groups were defined with a SE >+ 0.5 D, SE >-0.5 D to ≤+ 0.5 D and SE≤-0.5 D, respectively.Central and 30° peripheral eye lengths (nasal, temporal, superior, inferior) were obtained using the Lenstar LS900.Retinal coordinates were derived from partial coherence interferometry modeling and converted to retinal curvatures.According to the median horizontal peripheral eye length differences (absolute difference between nasal and temporal), participants were assigned to H1 group (absolute difference <0.35 mm) or H2 group (absolute difference ≥0.35 mm). According to the median vertical peripheral eye length differences (absolute difference between superior and inferior), participants were assigned to V1 group (absolute difference <0.32 mm) or V2 group (absolute difference ≥0.32 mm). Four groups of V1H1, V1H2, V2H1 and V2H2 were constructed according to the grouping methods in both directions above.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University (No.TRECKY2021-162). Written informed consent was obtained from guardians of each subject prior to any medical examination.Results:The central axial length was 23.53(22.93, 24.10)mm.Peripheral eye lengths of temporal, nasal, superior and inferior were 22.75(22.11, 23.22)mm, 22.99(22.32, 23.45)mm, 23.24(22.58, 23.75)mm and 23.12(22.52, 23.56)mm, respectively.Temporal eye length was shorter than nasal, showing a statistically significant difference ( Z=-3.58, P<0.01). Compared with H2 group, H1 group had shorter central, nasal, superior and inferior eye lengths, showing statistically significant differences (all at P<0.05). Compared with V2 group, V1 group had shorter central, nasal and superior eye lengths, showing statistically significant differences (all at P<0.05). SE of H1 group was + 0.06 (-1.06, + 0.75) D, which was significantly greater than -0.32 (-1.64, + 0.56) D of H2 group ( Z=-2.10, P=0.04). SE of V1 group was + 0.13 (-0.81, + 0.80) D, which was significantly greater than -0.56 (-1.83, + 0.48) D of H2 group ( Z=-3.39, P<0.01). The myopia ratio of V1 group was 33.5% (58/173), which was significantly lower than 50.5% (53/105) of V2 group ( χ2=7.83, P<0.01). There was a significant overall difference in SE among VIH1, V1H2, V2H1 and V2H2 groups ( H=24.79, P<0.01). SE was greater in V1H1 group than V1H2, V2H1 and V2H2 groups (all at P<0.01). There was a significant difference in both horizontal and vertical retinal curvatures among different refractive groups ( H=22.34, 19.30; both at P<0.01). The retical curvature in both directions of hyperopic and emmetropic groups were significantly larger than those of myopic group (both at P<0.01). Conclusions:Peripheral eye lengths are asymmetric in school-aged children.Higher asymmetry is associated with myopic shifts.Myopic children have a steeper retina than the hyperopic and emmetropic children.
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Objective:To investigate the effects of different intensity of lighting on normal refractive development and form deprivation myopia (FDM) in guinea pigs.Methods:A total of 108 healthy 3-week-old guinea pigs were divided into normal refractive development guinea pigs ( n=54) and FDM guinea pigs ( n=54). FDM models were prepared in FDM animals by occlusion of the left eyes using an opaque mask, and the bilateral eyes were open in the normal refractive development guinea pigs.The guinea pigs were randomized to low (20 lx), normal(300 lx), and high intensity-lighting (5 000 lx) groups with a 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle for 6 consecutive weeks under LED light.The ocular biometry was performed in a two-week interval.Axial length (AL) and dilated diopter were measured by A-scan ultrasonography and retinoscopy, respectively, and were compared after different lighting durations, and the change trends of them in normal refractive development and FDM guinea pigs were evaluated. Results:The AL values were not significantly different among low, normal and high intensity-lighting groups ( Fgroup=0.365, P=0.697), and the AL was gradually prolonged over the lighting duration ( Ftime=353.750, P<0.001). The diopters showed a statistically significant difference among different intensity-lighting groups ( Fgroup=3.576, P=0.034). The diopter in high intensity-lighting for 4 weeks was (+ 2.75±2.15) D, which was significantly higher than (0.41±3.07) D in the normal refrective development guinea pigs ( P<0.001). In the FDM guinea pigs, both AL and diopter were not significantly different among low, normal and high intensity-lighting groups ( Fgroup=0.105, P=0.900; Fgroup=0.973, P=0.387), and significant differences were seen in AL and diopter among three groups ( Ftime=408.302, 27.407; both at P<0.001). The diopter in FDM eyes of low intensity-lighting for 2 weeks was (+ 2.35±1.95) D, which was higher than (+ 1.90±0.97) D before lighting, with no statistically significant difference between them ( P>0.05). The AL was shortest and the AL change was smallest in normal refractive development guinea pigs of high intensity-lighting group.The diopter change in FDM guinea pigs of the low intensity-lighting group was significantly smaller than that in the normal intensity-lighting group ( P<0.001), with a transient hyperopia drift. Conclusions:The 5 000 lx lighting can slow down the development toward myopia in the normal refractive development eyes, and 20 lx lighting tends to delay the progression FDM eyes with a hyperopic shift after lighting for 2 weeks.
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Severe tendon injury will impair the mobility and quality of life of ordinary patients and come as a major blow to the career of professional athletes. As the current surgical treatment of tendon injury cannot achieve satisfactory results, the injury is still challenging for clinicians. The discovery of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) and the continuous in-depth study of them provide a new direction for tendon repair and regeneration, and promote the continuous development of tendon tissue engineering. This article systematically summarizes the characteristics, aging, isolation and culture of TSPCs in tendon repair, and progress in their related applications as well. The research direction of TSPCs is also analyzed and prospected.
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Objective To analyze and compare the mental health service resources in Jiangsu Province in 2014 and 2020, and to provide suggestions for the rational allocation and setting of mental health resources. Methods The national mental health resource questionnaire compiled by National Health Commission and the information system of Jiangsu provincial severe mental disorders were used to investigate the number, beds, mental health personnel of mental health institutions, and to evaluate the management and service situation of patients with severe mental disorders in Jiangsu Province in 2014 and 2020. The data was analyzed by SPSS 19.0 software. Results Compared with the mental health service resources in 2014, the number of mental health medical institutions increased by 9 in 2020; The number of psychiatric beds increased by 5,936, and the growth rate was 39.55%; The number of psychiatric open beds increased by 5,311, and the growth rate was 27.41%. The bed density increased from 2.43 beds / 10,000 people to 3.08 beds / 10,000 people, with an increase rate of 26.75%. The number of mental health practitioners increased from 8.08/100,000 to 12.27/100,000. In 2020, 37.28% of the hospitals of the second class and above set up psychiatric or psychological clinics in Jiangsu Province. In terms of management services for patients with severe mental disorders, the prevalence rate in 2020 was 0.43%, higher than 0.34% in 2014 (χ2=8441.60, P＜0.05), and the management rate in 2020 was 95.22%, higher than 90.97% in 2014 (χ2=5520.13, P＜0.05). The drug taking rate in 2020 was 81.22%, higher than 57.18% in 2014 (χ2=37254.45, P＜0.05), and all the differences were statistically significant. Conclusion The resources of mental health services in Jiangsu Province have increased, but the number of medical personnel cannot meet the requirements of regional development, and the distribution of mental health resources is unbalanced. It is necessary to reasonably distribute resources and strengthen the training of mental health practitioners.
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Objective@#To study the influence of community mental rehabilitation based on Deming Cycle(PDCA) management model on the quality of life of patients with chronic schizophrenia.@*Methods@#From January 2016 to June 2017, 100 patients with chronic schizophrenia who agreed to community management in Wuxi were randomly divided into study group(n=50) and control group(n=50). Both two groups received traditional community mental health services, meanwhile, the study group was provided with community mental rehabilitation based on PDCA model.All the patients were followed up for 1 year.The quality of life scales(SQLS), social disability screening schedule(SDSS) and family care index(APGAR) were assessed before and after one-year intervention.@*Results@#At the end of one year after intervention, the scores of total quality of life, psychosocial dimension, motive and energy dimension, symptom and side effects in the observation group were (41.27±10.54)points, (38.37±10.84)points, (35.43±7.46)points, (20.71±7.34)points, respectively, which were lower than those in the control group[(51.98±7.43)points, (48.73±8.72)points, (47.67±6.98)points, (29.79±8.64)points] and before intervention[(54.37±5.87)points, (49.78±4.73)points, (48.57±6.87)points, (33.17±10.42)points](t=5.87, 5.27, 8.47, 5.66, 7.68, 6.82, 9.16, 6.91, all P<0.05). At the end of one year after intervention, the social function score[(6.78±2.84)points] of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group[(8.83±2.73)points]and before intervention[(8.97±2.18)points](t=3.68, 4.33, all P<0.05), and the family social care index score[(8.75±2.04)points]was significantly higher than that of the control group[(7.04±2.36)points] and before intervention[(6.76±2.14)points](t=-3.88, -4.76, all P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between SDSS score and SQLS score(r=0.41, P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between SQLS score and SDSS score(r=-0.35, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The community mental rehabilitation strategy based on PDCA model can improve the social function and family social care, effectively improve the quality of life of schizophrenic patients, while positively promote the rehabilitation of patients.
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Objective To compare the effects of different combinations of common ocular parameters on the prediction of myopia in children and teenager,with the results of cycloplegia autorefraction as the gold standard for the diagnosis of myopia.Methods A diagnostic trial was adopted.Total of 2 739 first grade students in primary school and 1 797 grade 7 students in junior high school from the "Anyang Childhood Eye Study" were included from 2011 to 2012.Cycloplegic autorefraction using 1％ cyclopentolate was used to diagnose the myopia (spherical equivalent [SE] ≥＞-0.5 D).Uncorrected distant visual acuity (UCDVA),non-cycloplegic autorefraction,axial length (AL)and corneal power were combined randomly,and Logistic regression method was used to establish the prediction models on myopia and evaluate their sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value and negative predictive value.This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki and this study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Tongren Hospital.Results When using a single index,the effect of UCDVA was the best,but the sensitivity was only 39.18％ in the first grade of primary school students,and the positive predictive value was 78.35％.Some improvement could be obtained by using two indexes,the effect of UCDVA+AL was the best,the sensitivity was 48.46％,and the positive predictive value was 78.79％,followed by UCDVA + non-cycloplegic autorefraction,the sensitivity was 45.08％ and the positive predictive value was 79.15％.Three indices could further improve the effect of prediction model.The effect of UCDVA+AL+corneal power was the best,the sensitivity was 54.45％ and the positive predictive value was 85.45％,followed by UCDVA+AL+non-cycloplegic autorefraetion,the sensitivity was 52.12％ and the positive predictive value was 81.21％.The best results could be obtained by using all four indices,but the improvement was limited,the sensitivity was 55.26％,and the positive predictive value was 84.57％.In the grade 7 students,sensitivities of the various indices were generally higher (86.63％ to 97.73％),but the specificity was decreased (3.62％ to 90.52％).Conclusions AL can significantly improve the sensitivity of predicting myopia in children,it is non-invasive,simple and easy to perform,and it is an important indicator of eye development and myopia development in children.Therefore,we suggest that AL should be list as a routine indicator of myopia screening,as well as clinical diagnosis and treatment in children.
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Objective To study the influence of community mental rehabilitation based on Deming Cycle (PDCA) management model on the quality of life of patients with chronic schizophrenia .Methods From January 2016 to June 2017,100 patients with chronic schizophrenia who agreed to community management in Wuxi were randomly divided into study group(n＝50) and control group(n＝50).Both two groups received traditional community mental health services ,meanwhile,the study group was provided with community mental rehabilitation based on PDCA model.All the patients were followed up for 1 year.The quality of life scales(SQLS),social disability screening schedule (SDSS) and family care index(APGAR) were assessed before and after one -year intervention.Results At the end of one year after intervention ,the scores of total quality of life ,psychosocial dimension ,motive and energy dimension , symptom and side effects in the observation group were (41.27 ±10.54) points,(38.37 ±10.84) points,(35.43 ± 7.46) points,(20.71 ±7.34) points,respectively, which were lower than those in the control group [(51.98 ± 7.43)points,(48.73 ±8.72)points,(47.67 ±6.98)points,(29.79 ±8.64)points] and before intervention [(54.37 ± 5.87)points,(49.78 ±4.73)points,(48.57 ±6.87)points,(33.17 ±10.42) points]( t＝5.87,5.27,8.47,5.66, 7.68,6.82,9.16,6.91,all P＜0.05).At the end of one year after intervention ,the social function score [(6.78 ± 2.84)points] of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group [(8.83 ±2.73) points] and before intervention[(8.97 ±2.18)points](t＝3.68,4.33,all P＜0.05),and the family social care index score [(8.75 ±2.04) points] was significantly higher than that of the control group [(7.04 ±2.36) points] and before intervention[(6.76 ±2.14)points] ( t＝-3.88,-4.76,all P＜0.05).There was a positive correlation between SDSS score and SQLS score (r＝0.41,P＜0.05).There was a negative correlation between SQLS score and SDSS score(r＝-0.35,P＜0.05).Conclusion The community mental rehabilitation strategy based on PDCA model can improve the social function and family social care ,effectively improve the quality of life of schizophrenic patients , while positively promote the rehabilitation of patients.
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Objective To understand the prevalence of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children in China and provide scientific basis for early prevention and treatment of ADHD in children.Methods A systematic literature retrieval was conducted by using CNKI,Wanfang data,CBM and VIP databases for the information about the prevalence of ADHD in children in China published from 1979 to 2017.Pubmed database was used to retrieve the literatures about ADHD prevalence in children in China published from 1946 to 2017.The quality of literature was evaluated based on the cross-sectional study criteria according to STROBE statement.Stata 12.0 was used for combined prevalence and subgroup analyses,including gender,regions,publication year,diagnostic criteria,sampling methods,and so on.Egger testing and the evaluation of funnel graph were used to evaluate the publication bias of these literatures,and sensitivity analysis was done by using different models and eliminating the influence of any one of these articles on combined effect value.Results Twenty articles were included.The total sample size was 88 755,including 46 216 boys and 42 539 girls.The prevalence of ADHD in children in China was 5.6％ (95％CI:5.0％-6.3％).The prevalence was 7.7％ (95％CI:6.7％-8.8％) in boys and 3.4％ (95％CI:3.0％-3.8％) in girls,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).No statistically significance difference in the ADHD prevalence was observed between different regions publication years,diagnostic criteria and sampling methods.Conclusions The prevalence of ADHD in children in China was high,and boys tended to have a higher prevalence compared with girls.Appropriate screening methods for early detection and intervention conduction of ADHD should be taken among children in China.
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Objective To understand the prevalence of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children in China and provide scientific basis for early prevention and treatment of ADHD in children.Methods A systematic literature retrieval was conducted by using CNKI,Wanfang data,CBM and VIP databases for the information about the prevalence of ADHD in children in China published from 1979 to 2017.Pubmed database was used to retrieve the literatures about ADHD prevalence in children in China published from 1946 to 2017.The quality of literature was evaluated based on the cross-sectional study criteria according to STROBE statement.Stata 12.0 was used for combined prevalence and subgroup analyses,including gender,regions,publication year,diagnostic criteria,sampling methods,and so on.Egger testing and the evaluation of funnel graph were used to evaluate the publication bias of these literatures,and sensitivity analysis was done by using different models and eliminating the influence of any one of these articles on combined effect value.Results Twenty articles were included.The total sample size was 88 755,including 46 216 boys and 42 539 girls.The prevalence of ADHD in children in China was 5.6％ (95％CI:5.0％-6.3％).The prevalence was 7.7％ (95％CI:6.7％-8.8％) in boys and 3.4％ (95％CI:3.0％-3.8％) in girls,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).No statistically significance difference in the ADHD prevalence was observed between different regions publication years,diagnostic criteria and sampling methods.Conclusions The prevalence of ADHD in children in China was high,and boys tended to have a higher prevalence compared with girls.Appropriate screening methods for early detection and intervention conduction of ADHD should be taken among children in China.
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Background It has been reported that orthokeratology has the effects of slowing down myopia progression and axial elongation.However,the affecting mechanism of orthokeratology wearing on ocular peripheral refraction is still not elucidated.Objective This study was to observe and compare the changes of ocular peripheral refraction and relative peripheral refraction (RPR) in low to moderate myopic eyes of children after wearing orthokeratology lens and spectacles for 6 months.Methods A randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out after approval of Ethic Committee of Beijing Tongren Hospital and informed consent of guardians of the children.One hundred myopic children aged (ll.0±1.9) years were recruited in Beijing Tongren Hospital from June 2014 to January 2015,with the diopter of-0.50 to-6.00 D.The subjects were randomized into orthokeratology group and spectacles group by the process PLAN PROC of software SAS 9.1.3,50 for each group.The subjects in the orthokeratology group wore orthokeratology lens for 6 months and those in the spectacles group wore spectacles for the same period.An infrared open-field autorefractor was employed to measure the refraction at central 0°,temporal 15°,temporal 30°,nasal 15°and nasal 30° radial lines before and after wearing lens for the assessment and comparison of the changes of peripheral refraction and RPR.Results There was no significant difference in spherical equivalent between the orthokeratology group and the spectacles group before wearing lens ([-3.35±1.31] D versus [-3.01± 1.15] D,P =0.20).The peripheral refraction values in the orthokeratology group were (-2.28 ± 1.60),(-3.28±1.41),(-3.40±1.23),(-3.38±1.12) and (-2.09±1.29)D at nasal 15°and nasal30°,central,temporal 15° and temporal 30°radial lines before wearing lens,and reduced by (0.29±1.67),(0.85±1.66),(0.92±1.76) and (0.66±1.66) D at nasal 30°,nasal 15°,central and temporal 15° after wearing lens,respectively,with significant differences at nasal 15°,central and temporal 15°(all at P＜0.05).The peripheral refraction values in the spectacles group were (-1.88±1.30),(-2.66±1.18),(-2.89±1.27) and (-1.94±1.31)D at nasal 15°,nasal 30°,temporal 15 ° and temporal 30°,radial lines before wearing lens and increased by (-0.25±0.80),(-0.43 ±0.67),(-0.32±0.64) and (-0.22±0.75)D after wearing lens,respectively,with significant differences between before and after wearing lens (all at P＜0.05).The RPR shifted from hyperopia defocus to myopia defocus before and after wearing lens in temporal 15° and 30° radial lines in the orthokeratology group,and at various radial lines in the spectacles group,the RPR showed gradually worsening of hyperopia defocus.Conclusions Long-term wearing of orthokeratology results in a hyperopia shifting in myopic children by exposing the peripheral retina towards relative myopia defocus,whereas wearing spectacles leads to a relative hyperopia defocus on retina.Thus,orthokeratology may slow down the myopia progression.
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As a part of evidence-based medical practice to obtain high-level evidence through summarizing previous studies,systematic review and meta-analysis have been paid more and more attention.The number of papers published is increasing recently.However,many relevant published papers in biomedical sciences revealed low quality,such as non-uniform and incomprehensive items,and even unclear narrative in many portions of review.These problems reduced the evidence-based role of systematic review and Meta-analysis paper,and affected the interpretation and effective availability of summarized evidence.Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) is a report standard,but it has not been well-known in ophthalmology of China.The systematic review and meta-analysis published by Chinese ophthalmologists are less guided by PRISMA.Learning PRISMA is helpful not only for improving quality of papers,but also for acquainting the key elements of high-level clinical research,even for standardizing the medical code of conduct,which are important to make it better for conduct evidence-based research in ophthalmology.
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Background Preferred practice pattern (PPP) is an evidence-based documents which can be used for reference to standardize medical practice by ophthalmologists.So far it has been promoted for more than 10 years in China.However,there is no report about the popularization and application of PPP in China.Objective This study was to investigate the cognitions of ophthalmologists to PPP from the view of clinical questions.Methods A questionnaire-based study was conducted.Questionnaires were dispensed during September 17 to 21,2014 to inquiry into the cognitions of ophthalmologists to PPP in the 19th Congress of Chinese Ophthalmological Society.A selfadministered questionnaire was designed and discussed according to the article published in the past by our research group.It included personal basic information and cognitions to PPP,and the latter consisted of self-assessment and cognition scoring.The constituent ratios of aware,quite aware,unaware and fully unaware ophthalmologists were counted.The cognitions were divided into low level (0-4 scores),moderate level (5-8 scores) and high level (9-12 scores) based on the effective answer sheets.The questionnaires were filled out anonymously and incomplete questionnaires were excluded.Results Among the 300 distributed questionnaires,282 were retrieved and 209 were valid,with the effective rate 74.1％.The ophthalmologists of awareness to PPP were 46.4％ (97/209),and 53.6％ (112/209) of respondents did not know PPP very well.A positive correlation was found between the awareness to PPP and the cognition scores to clinical issues (r,=0.143,P ＜ 0.05).The cognition scores to clinical issues were significantly different among different educational backgrounds (F =12.26,P ＜ 0.05),and cognition scores were significantly reduced in the ophthalmologists with lower master degree in comparison with the ophthalmologists with doctoral degree (all at P＜0.05).The coincide ratio between cognitions of ophthalmologists to different clinical issues and suggestions in PPP were evidently different in the ophthalmologists,with the highest coincide ratio 83％ and the lowest coincide ratio 1％.Conclusions The awareness to PPP is not adequate in Chinese eye doctors,which reduces the cognition level to clinical issues.There is a poor coincide ratio between cognitions of Chinese ophthalmologists to clinical issues and suggestions in PPP.This study emphasizes the need for effective awareness programs towards clinical issues based on PPP.
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Background Corneal refractive surgery has significant effects on corneal biomechanical properties.However,there are few study on large scale population with corneal biomechanical properties in the myopic population before corneal refractive surgery.Objective This study was to evaluate the change of corneal biomechanical properties and influence factors in myopic eyes using ocular response analyzer (ORA).Methods A prospective cohort study was carried out in Beijing Tongren Eye Center from April 2010 to January 2011.Corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) were detected using ORA in 1 792 eyes of 896 myopic subjects who were going to receive corneal refractive surgery under the informed consent.According to different spherical equivalent (SE) the eyes were grouped into-0.25-＜-3.0 D group,-3.0-＜-6.0 D group,-6.0-＜-9.0 D group,-9.0-＜-12.0 D group,-12.0-＜-15.0 D group and ≥-15.0 D group and according to different central corneal thickness (CCT),the eyes were grouped into ＜500 μm group,500-＜550 μm group,550-＜600 μm group and≥600 μm group.The CH value and CRF value in different SE groups or different CCT groups were compared,and the factors influencing CH and CRF were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis.Results The mean CH and CRF value were (9.84±1.52)mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa) and (10.46±1.71) mmHg,respectively in the myopic eyes.The CH values were (10.35±1.53),(10.07±1.55),(9.81±1.46),(9.71±1.59),(9.35±1.55) and (9.23±1.28) mmHg in the-0.25-＜-3.0 D group,-3.0-＜-6.0 D group,-6.0-＜-9.0 D group,-9.0-＜-12.0 D group,-12.0-＜-15.0 D group and ≥-15.0 D group,respectively,showing a significant difference among the groups (F=20.69,P＜0.01),and the CH values in the-6.0-＜-9.0 D group,-9.0-＜-12.0 D group,-12.0-＜-15.0 D group and ≥-15.0 D group were significantly lower than those in the-6.0-＜-9.0 D group,-9.0-＜-12.0 D group (all at P＜0.01).There was no significant difference in the CRF values among different SE groups (F =0.65,P =0.49).CH and CRF values were increasing with the raise of CCT,with evidently differences among the CCT＜500 μm group,500 μm ≤ CCT＜550 μm group,550 μm≤ CCT＜600 μm group and CCT≥ 600 μm group (CH:F=110.99,P＜0.01;CRF:F =84.35,P＜0.01),and the CH and CRF values were significantly higher in the 550 μm ≤ CCT＜600 μm group and CCT ≥600 μm group than those in the CCT＜500 μm group (all at P＜0.01).CH showed a positive correlation with SE (r =0.24,P＜0.01),and no significant correlation between CRF and SE (r =0.03,P =0.20).The CH and CRF showed the positive correlations with the CCT (r=0.42,0.57,both at P＜0.01).In addition,CH and CRF values increased as the increases of SE,corneal curvature (CC) and CCT values,with the regression equation of CH =-7.87+0.08SE+0.16CC+0.02CCT (R2=0.26,P＜0.01) and CRF=-11.42+0.14CC+0.03CCT (R2=0.34,P＜0.01),respectively.The CH and CRF did not change with the age and gender in the subjects.Conclusions Corneal biomechanical properties including CH and CRF were positively correlated with CCT,CC and SE.
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Background Randomized controlled trial (RCT) can offer high quality of evidence for the medical decisions.Consolidated standards of reporting trials (CONSORT) statement,an international criteria for RCT report,is a guideline and methodology of RCT report.However,the assessment and application of RCT according to CONSORT are dissatisfactory in China.Objective This study was to evaluate the reporting quality of ophthalmic diseases related RCTs published in SCI journals from mainland China and offer a good methodology of RCT report.Methods The RCT literature were searched on PubMed database according to Ophthalmology, Eye and all of their inferior subjective terms,and the published papers were limited in mainland China and before March,2013.Included papers were evaluated independently and checked by two searchers.The methodology and results of all retrieved papers were stratifiedly analyzed by the year of CONSORT published and revised.Results Sixty eligible RCTs were assessed,and the intervention methods were primarily surgery trials (34/60).Forty-four papers presented the comparison study of two groups with the median sample size of 76.0.Only 22％ (13/60) trial reports gave the clear identification of RCT in the title.Majority of papers described trial design,eligibility criteria for participants,detail of interventions and outcome measures.Twelve pieces of articles reported how sample size was determined,and 41 pieces referred settings and locations,but only 6 pieces recorded interim analyses and stopping guidelines.After CONSORT 2010 Statement was published,the proportion of trial reports that included details of the randomization had little improvement (RR=1.06,95％ CI:0.62-1.82).Only 42％ trial reports (25/60) offered a description about blinding method.Conclusions RCT reports related to ophthalmic diseases from mainland China in SCI journals are still flawed with certain shortcomings.Following the guidance of the CONSORT statement can improve the quality of ophthalmic diseases related RCT from mainland China.
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Background Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has been widely applied to solve clinical issues internationally,however,the awareness of oculists in China still is dissatisfied,and the relevant issue survey can offer the training guidance.Objective This study was to survey the status of the cognition and practice of EBM in ophthalmologists in China and analyze the problems in their EBM practice.Methods Two hundred and thirty-three ophthalmologists were enrolled in the 18th Congress of Chinese Ophthalmological Society in August,2013.A survey about EBM was performed by self-made questionnaire,including general data from the surveyors,the way and channel of understanding EBM,the attitude toward EBM,clinical practice of EBM and influencing factors.The educational background,professional qualifications,ranked distribution of hospitals which surveyors came from,size of the citys and attribute of hospitals were stratified and analyzed.SPSS 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results A total of 233 questionnaires were distributed,and 233 were regained with the response rate 100％,and 214 valid questionnaires were included,with the effective rate 91.8％.50.5％ of the respondents (104/206) knew EBM in university.The proportion of those believe EBM initially as medical students was 41.8％,and 49.1％ (102/208) were aware of EBM in recent 8 years.And 47.7％ (101/211) believed that EBM should be given priority in clinic,and 7.5％ (16/211) were indifferent to EBM.Only 3.8％ (8/211) surveyors thought EBM to be little important.The proportion of the respondents choosing ‘ know’ or ‘ moderately-know’ were 69.1％ (148/214),35.0％ (75/ 213),21.5％ (46/213) and 57.4％ (121/211) respectively in EBM,Meta analysis,Cochrane as well as Preferred Practice Patterns (PPPs) with a higher receiving degree in well-educated individuals (P =0.000,0.000,0.001,0.000).EBM was well practiced in 11.7％ (25/211) oculists,with a higher using frequency in senior ophthalmologists,and 17.8％ (89/495,frequency) oculists consulted the EBM literature to resolve problems in clinic,with a significant difference in the using frequency of EBM among the different educational background subjects (x2=13.406,P=0.037).The top three barriers which affected the application of EBM in clinical practices were lack of time and the limited energy,feeling it difficult to evaluate the evidence correctly as well as the absence of cases proving the efficacy to treat based EBM.The type of EBM evidence mostly used by respondents was medical database (36.7％),and CNKI (33.5％) and PubMed (38.4％) were the mostly used Chinese and English database,respectively.Respondents who have never searched the Chinese or English database occupied up to 7.3％ and 17.2％,respectively.Conclusions The cognition degree and applying frequency are still lower in ophthalmologists in China.The training of EBM should be strengthened in medical students.The guidance measurement should be taken to encourage eye doctors to apply EBM.
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Objective To investigate whether the gene polymorphisms of cytochrome P450(CYP) 2E1 are associated with the risk of anti-tuberculosis drug induced hepatotoxity (ADIH).Methods In this case control study, 339 patients who matched the diagnosis criteria of tuberculosis were included. The gcneral healthy status and liver biochemical parameters were checked in all these patients. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR RFLP) technique was used to determine CYP 2Et polymorphisms. The statistic analysis were performed by using both univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Results The allele frequencies of CYP 2E1 7632T/A, 1019C/T and 1259G/C in 103 tuberculosis patients of ADIH group were 17.5%, 26.2%and 27.2 % respectively, while those in 236 tuberculosis patients of control group were 29.7 % ,39.4 %and 40.7%, respectively (x2 =5.539, P＜0.05; x2 =5.458, P＜0.05; x2 =5.628, P＜0.05). The results of univariate analysis demonstrated that the risk of concurrent ADIH was significantly higher in patients with wild genotypes of CYP 2E1-7632T/A, CYP 2E1-1259G/C, CYP 2E1-1019C/T than in patients with other genotypes. After adjusted for sex, occupation and alcohol consumption status, the results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis also showed that wild genotypes of CYP 2E1-7632T/A, CYP 2El-1259G/C, CYP 2E1-1019C/T were significantly associated with higher risk of ADIH. The results of interaction analysis indicated that the wild genotypes of CYP 2E1-7632T/A and CYP 2E1-1259G/C or CYP 2E1-1019C/T had synergetic effects on the development of ADIH.Conclusions The risk of concurrent ADIH is significantly higher in patients with wild genotypes of CYP 2E1-7632T/A, CYP 2E1-1259G/C, CYP 2E1-1019C/T compared to patients with othergenotypes. Wild genotypes of CYP 2E1-7632T/A and CYP 2E1-1259G/C or CYP 2El-1019C/T have synergetic effects on the development of ADIH.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between polymorphisms of N-acetyltransferase 2(NAT2)genes and anti-tuberculosis drug induced hepatic-injury(ADIH).Methods A 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted.One hundred and six cases fulfilling the criteria of ADIH were selected as ADIH group from the patients who received anti-tuberculosis therapy.whereas those patients without any hepatic inj ury related elinical symptoms during three months of follow-up period were selected as control.The genetic polymorphisms of the loci,NAT2481C/T,NAT2-590G/A and NAT2-857G/A,were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism technique(PCR-RFLP)in patients who received antituberculosis therapy.The major environmental factors and genotypes were analyzed by univariate and multivariate conditional Logistic analyses.Results The T,AA allele frequencies of NAT2-481C/T,NAT2-590G/A and NAT2-857G/A were 7.5%,28.8%and 17.9%respectively in ADIH group,and 6.6%,18.9%and 17.5%,respectively in the control group.Univariate analysis demonstrated that the frequency of NAT2 slow acetylation genotype in ADIH group was significantly higher than that in control group with a crude OR(95%CI)of 2.250(1.140-4.441).Among 6 potential risk factors,i.e.education level,occupation,body mass index(BMI),smoking,drinking and the type of tuberculosis,the low BMI and drinking were two risk factors for ADIH.In multivariate analysis,ADIH remained associated with acetylation genotype after adjusting for BMI and drinking status.The adjusted OR(95%CI)was 2.246(1.086-4.644).Conclusion NAT2 slow acetylation genotype may be associated with the occurrence of ADIH.
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The effect of gelatin on anaero-cultivation of Bifidobacterium adolescent is and stabilization of its living cell in dried preparation was investigared. It was shown that the well-distributed mixture of gelatin and medium could have a cushioning effect on pH reduction resulting from acid-production while incubating, and the dried mixture comprising living cell of bifidobacterium adolescentis was prepared, in which the stability and viability of cell come from cultures of gelatin mixture was increased compared with that without gelatin mixture. It was shown that oxygen toxicity to anaerobic cell was well reduced because of cell immobilization by the gel mixure after drying with saccharide substance , and then fermentable dynamics in 50L fermentor was tested as well as the relationship of growth kinetics, pH, dissolved oxygen rate, and content of soluble solids.