ABSTRACT
RESUMO Neste trabalho buscou-se avaliar o efeito do hidrograma e da concentração afluentes na remoção de material particulado em canal gramado construído em escala real. Para tal, foram investigados três hidrogramas de entrada e concentrações iniciais (Co) de material particulado: 65; 130; 195; 263, 327 e 400 mg/L, os quais foram descarregados em canal gramado de 100 m de extensão e declividade de 2%. O pico dos hidrogramas investigados foi da ordem de 11±2 L/s; e o tempo de base (tB), determinado no ponto de descarregamento no canal, variou entre 15, 25 e 35 minutos. O tempo de trânsito no canal (tT) foi da ordem de 10,5±2,5 minutos, o que corresponde à velocidade de 0,14±0,02 m/s. Para tB de 15 minutos, a média das máximas eficiências foi da ordem de 64±3%, para posição de 31±26 m. Para tB de 25 minutos, a média das máximas foi da ordem de 73±3%, para posições de 59±24 m. Finalmente, para tB de 35 minutos, a média das máximas eficiências obtidas foi da ordem de 65±3%, nas posições de 73±15 m. Verificou-se que 70% dos valores da constante de decaimento (k d) estão entre 0,005 e 0,015 s-1, e, ao desconsiderar o hidrograma representado por tB de 15 minutos, 90% dos dados estão no intervalo 0,005 ≤ k d ≤ 0,015 s-1. Além disso, foi identificada relação direta e proporcional entre a concentração final (C*) e as concentrações iniciais (Co).
ABSTRACT The present work investigated the effect of hydrograph and inlet concentration on the removal of particle matter on a constructed real scale grassy channel. For this, three input hydrographs and initial concentration (Co) of particulate matter were investigated, as following: 65; 130; 195; 263, 327 and 400 mg/L, which were discharged in a grassy channel with 100 m length and a 2% slope. The peak of the hydrographs investigated was around 11±2 L/s; and the time base (tB), determined in the unloading point on the channel, ranged between 15, 25 and 35 minutes. The transit time in the channel (tT) was about 10.5±2.5 minutes, corresponding to a speed of 0.14±0.02 m/s. For 15 minutes tB, the average of maximum efficiencies was around 64±3% for the position 31±26 m. For 25 minutes tB, it was around 73±3% for 59±24 m. Finally, for 35 minutes tB the average of maximum efficiencies was about 65±3% for 73±15 m. It was verified that 70% of the values of the decay constant (k d) are between 0.005 and 0.015 s-1; and, when the tB of 15 minutes is not considered, 90% of the data is in the range of 0.005≤ k d ≤0.015 s-1. Also, a direct and proportional behavior of the final concentration (C*) and the initial concentration (Co) was identified.
ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: One of the main difficulties in adequately treating the pain of neonatal patients is the scarcity of validated pain evaluation methods for this population. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the reliability of two behavioral pain scales in neonates. TYPE OF STUDY: Cross-sectional. SETTING: University hospital neonatal intensive care unit. PARTICIPANTS: 22 preterm neonates were studied, with gestational age of 34 ± 2 weeks, birth weight of 1804 ± 584 g, 68 percent female, 30 ± 12 hours of life, and 30 percent intubated. PROCEDURES: Two neonatologists (A and B) observed the patients at the bedside and on video films for 10 minutes. The Neonatal Facial Coding System and the Clinical Scoring System were scored at 1, 5, and 10 minutes. The final score was the median of the three values for each observer and scale. A and B were blinded to each other. Video assessments were made three months after bedside evaluations. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: End scores were compared between the observers using the intraclass correlation coefficient and bias analysis (paired t test and signal test). RESULTS: For the Neonatal Facial Coding System, at the bedside and on video, A and B showed a significant correlation of scores (intraclass correlation score: 0.62), without bias between them (t test and signal test: p > 0.05). For the Clinical Scoring System bedside assessment, A and B showed correlation of scores (intraclass correlation score: 0.55), but bias was also detected between them: A scored on average two points higher than B (paired t test and signal test: p < 0.05). For the Clinical Scoring System video assessment, A and B did not show correlation of scores (intraclass correlation score: 0.25), and bias was also detected between them (paired t-test and signal test: p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results strengthen the reliability of the Neonatal Facial Coding System for bedside pain assessment in preterm neonates
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Pain , Pain Measurement , Infant, Premature , Infant Behavior , Beds , Cross-Sectional Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Facial Expression , Video RecordingABSTRACT
Tema: observaçao do comportamento de crianças inseridas em creches. Objetivo: comparar o desenvolvimento do comportamento motor, mental e de linguagem entre crianças de creches públicas e particulares. Método: 72 crianças foram observadas por meio de uma listagem de comportamentos. Os dados de observaçao, expressos em porcetagem de ocorrência dos comportamentos, foram tratados por meio de análise estatística inferencial. Resultados: as crianças de creche pública tiveram menor porcentagem de ocorrência de comportamentos na área de emissao e recepçao de linguagem. Conclusao: ressalta-se a necessidade de reflexao sobre as estratégias de educaçao pública infantil.