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OBJECTIVE：To study the hepatotoxicity of main components of Polygonum multiflorum ，and investigate its toxic mechanism based on metabolic enzymes. METHODS ：ADMETlab 2.0 platform was used to forecast the toxic or carcinogenic effects of emodin ，physcion，rhein，stilbene glycoside and gallic acid on liver ，skin and heart. The effects of those components on cytochrome P 450 enzyme system （CYP1A2，CYP2C9，CYP2C19，CYP2D6，CYP3A4）were evaluated. The effects of different concentrations of emodin ，rhein，stilbene glycoside and gallic acid （10，20，40，80 μmol/L）on the survival rate of normal hepatocyte L 02 were detected. The effects of major components of P. multiflorum on the activity of UGT 1A1 enzyme were studied by in vitro reaction system ，using bilirubin as substrate. RESULTS ：Main components of P. multiflorum ，ie. emodin ，physcion， rhein and gallic acid ，showed strong toxic effects on the liver ，while stilbene glycosides possessed weak toxic effects on the liver. Emodin and physcion had strong inhibitory effects on CYP 1A2 and medium inhibitory effects on CYP 2C9，CYP2D6 and CYP3A4；rhein showed medium inhibitory effects on CYP 1A2 and CYP 2C9，while stilbene glycoside and gallic acid possessed weak inhibitory effects on the above enzymes. Emodin （40，80 μmol/L）and gallic acid （40，80 μmol/L）could significantly reduce the survival rate of L 02 cells（P＜0.01）. The inhibition rate of 5，10，20，40，80 μmol/L emodin and gallic acid（except for 5 μmol/L emodin）on UGT 1A1 enzyme increased significantly （P＜0.01），and the inhibition effect of emodin on UGT 1A1 enzyme was reversible competitive inhibition. CONCLUSIONS ：The main components of P. multiflorum ，ie. emodin ，rhein and physcion ， are hepatotoxic ；the mechanism of it may be associated with inhibiting the activity of CYP 1A2 and CYP 2C9 and competitively blocking rate-limiting enzyme UGT 1A1 in the process of bilirubin metabolism.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for rational use of antibiotics in clinic. METHODS:A total of 162 inpatients with infective endocarditis(IE)selected from our hospital during Jan. 2014-Jun. 2016 were analyzed retrospectively in respects of general information of patients,distribution of neoplasm,clinical manifestations,examination indexes,sample type,pathogenic composition,drug resistance,treatment and outcome. RESULTS:Among 162 IE patients,the ratio of male to female was 1.9:1, and the age of patients were mainly 41-60 years old.Totally 146 patients suffered from cardiac basic disease(90.1%). One hundred and forty-five patients suffered from positive neoplasm,which mainly involved left ventricular system. Aortic valve neoplasm was the most common(59 cases,40.7%). One hundred and thirty patients suffered from fever.Among them,white blood cell count of 66 cases and neutrophil percentage of 104 cases were increased,while red blood cell count of 69 cases and hemoglobin of 100 cas-es were decreased. ALT of 22 cases,AST of 45 cases and serum creatinine of 16 cases were increased. Among 162 IE patients, 696 blood samples and 282 positive samples were detected(positive rate of 40.5%). Blood culture of 78 patients were positive (48.1%). Eighty-eight strains of pathogens were detected,including 84 strains of Gram-positive bacteria(95.5%,mainly being Streptococcus)and 4 strains of Gram-negative bacteria(4.5%). Resistance rate of Streptococcus to penicillin was 30.4%. Twelve strains of Staphylococcus were resistant to penicillin,and resistance rates of them to oxacillin were 50.0%. Enterococcus was resis-tant to penicillin,oxacillin and amikacin.Above bacteria were all sensitive to vancomycin,teicoplanin and linezolid,with resistant rate of 0.Among 162 IE patients,140 patients underwent cardiac surgery to clear neoplasm(86.4%),158 patients were cured or recovered,2 cases died and 2 cases were discharged from hospital voluntarily. CONCLUSIONS:In our hospital,IE patients are mainly male and suffered from cardiac basic disease. Most of the patients have cardiac neoplasm,which were mainly left cardiac neoplasm. Fever patients are the majority,accompanied by anemia,liver and kidney dysfunction and other symptoms. The patho-genic bacteria causing IE are mainly Gram-positive bacteria;Streptococcus is still the most common bacteria,and drug resistance is not optimistic. Antibiotics should be selected according to local etiological data,and medication plan should be adjusted in time according to the results of drug sensitivity test so as to guaran-tee the effectiveness and safety of anti-infection treatment.
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With the application of gene editing in medical treatment,food engineering,environmental protection,agriculture and forestry,it gives rise to a wide range of potential social risks.Both the advanced aspects and defects of this technology bring complicated social conflicts.It is undoubtedly crucial to coordinate the conflict of interests of all parties,improve the legal system and avoid the harmfulness and blindness of gene editing.Meanwhile,only that the ethical,legal and social concerns are introduced will govern the technical risk as a necessary condition in order to attain a virtuous cycle of technological improvement and social prosperity.
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OBJECTIVE:To systematically review the procalcitonin(PCT)-guided therapy in patients with sepsis. METHODS:Retrieved from PubMed,Cochrane Library,EMBase,CJFD,Wanfang Datebase,related trails about PCT-guided therapy(test group)versus conventional treatment group(control group)in the treatment of sepsis were collected. Meta-analysis was performed by using Rev Man 5.3 software after data extraction and quality evaluation. RESULTS:Totally 5 studies were enrolled,involving 826 patients. Results of Meta-analysis showed,use time of antibiotics in test group was significantly shorter than control group, with statistical significance [MD=-2.52,95%CI(-3.07,-1.98,P<0.001];there were no significant differences in the mortality rate [OR=1.14,95%CI(0.83,1.56),P=0.42],ICU treatment days [MD=-0.22,95%CI(-1.40,0.96),P=0.72] and total hospi-talization [MD=-1.81,95%CI(-4.37,0.76),P=0.17]. CONCLUSIONS:PCT-guided therapy can effectively reduce the use of antibiotics and shorten treatment time in the treatment of patients with sepsis.It can be considered as inflammatory markers for guid-ing rational use of antibiotics in clinic.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for rational use of antibiotics in clinic. METHODS:A total of 162 inpatients with infective endocarditis(IE)selected from our hospital during Jan. 2014-Jun. 2016 were analyzed retrospectively in respects of general information of patients,distribution of neoplasm,clinical manifestations,examination indexes,sample type,pathogenic composition,drug resistance,treatment and outcome. RESULTS:Among 162 IE patients,the ratio of male to female was 1.9:1, and the age of patients were mainly 41-60 years old.Totally 146 patients suffered from cardiac basic disease(90.1%). One hundred and forty-five patients suffered from positive neoplasm,which mainly involved left ventricular system. Aortic valve neoplasm was the most common(59 cases,40.7%). One hundred and thirty patients suffered from fever.Among them,white blood cell count of 66 cases and neutrophil percentage of 104 cases were increased,while red blood cell count of 69 cases and hemoglobin of 100 cas-es were decreased. ALT of 22 cases,AST of 45 cases and serum creatinine of 16 cases were increased. Among 162 IE patients, 696 blood samples and 282 positive samples were detected(positive rate of 40.5%). Blood culture of 78 patients were positive (48.1%). Eighty-eight strains of pathogens were detected,including 84 strains of Gram-positive bacteria(95.5%,mainly being Streptococcus)and 4 strains of Gram-negative bacteria(4.5%). Resistance rate of Streptococcus to penicillin was 30.4%. Twelve strains of Staphylococcus were resistant to penicillin,and resistance rates of them to oxacillin were 50.0%. Enterococcus was resis-tant to penicillin,oxacillin and amikacin.Above bacteria were all sensitive to vancomycin,teicoplanin and linezolid,with resistant rate of 0.Among 162 IE patients,140 patients underwent cardiac surgery to clear neoplasm(86.4%),158 patients were cured or recovered,2 cases died and 2 cases were discharged from hospital voluntarily. CONCLUSIONS:In our hospital,IE patients are mainly male and suffered from cardiac basic disease. Most of the patients have cardiac neoplasm,which were mainly left cardiac neoplasm. Fever patients are the majority,accompanied by anemia,liver and kidney dysfunction and other symptoms. The patho-genic bacteria causing IE are mainly Gram-positive bacteria;Streptococcus is still the most common bacteria,and drug resistance is not optimistic. Antibiotics should be selected according to local etiological data,and medication plan should be adjusted in time according to the results of drug sensitivity test so as to guaran-tee the effectiveness and safety of anti-infection treatment.
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With the vigorous development of the modern science and technology, mobile phone APP in such aspects as enterprise, education, medical treatment is getting more and more attention. The development and application of mobile phone APP facilitates the daily life of people. The development and application of medical APP, has gradually become the trend of the 21st century in medical domain. Health educational APP, as a new type of health educational mobile phone application software, gets the favor of people. Health educational APP has the advantage that the pertinence, initiative and timeliness, but in terms of the current health educational APP, which defects such as patient information disclosure and unreliable. Therefore, we need to strengthen the market management of health educational APP, audit the authenticity of information content and make it more professional. In the future, health educational APP can truly helm our health.
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Because the gene right has the attribute of basic human right , as a legal basis for resolving the prob-lem of genetic discrimination , we should confirm its basic legal status .Genetic discrimination has caused the ethi-cal and legal issues in the field of insurance and employment , then put forward the following measures to solve these issues:In the field of insurance , the principle of utmost good faith should be followed to prevent the unscientific use of gene information;In the field of employment , the principle of general prohibition should be combined with the principle of limited exceptions .
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Objective To investigate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α/δ/γ protein and the effect of berberine on them in diabetic rat kidney.Methods Type 2 diabetic rats were induced by injection (ip) with streptozotocin 35 mg·kg1 and feeding with a high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet for 16 weeks.From week 17 to 32, diabetic rats were given low, middle, high-dose berberine 75, 150, 300 mg×kg-1, fenofibrate 100 mg×kg1 and rosiglitazone 4 mg×kg-1, respectively.The expression of PPARα/δ/γ protein in kidney were detected by immunohistochemistry.Results The expression of PPARα and PPARδ protein in the kidney of diabetic rat, which were significantly higher than that of the control one (P＜0.01), while PPARγ expression was obviously lower than that of the control one (P＜0.01).The expression of PPARα and PPARδ in in diabetic kidney were increased notably after middle-dose, high-dose berberine and fenofibrate treatment (P＜0.01);middle-dose, high-dose berberine and rosiglitazone treatment significantly reduced PPARγ expression (P＜0.01).Conclusion Berberine can restore the disturbed PPARα/δ/γ protein expression in diabetic rat kidney.
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AIM To investigate cyclin dependent kinase 9(Cdk9) and cyclin T1 protein expressions in diabetic rat kidney and the effect of berberine on them. METHODS Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats were induced by injection (ip) with diet for 16 weeks. From week 17 to 32, diabetic rats were given berberine 75, respectively. The kidney tissue structure was observed with hematoxylin/eosin (HE) staining, kidney to body weight ratio was calculated, and Cdk9 and cyclin T1 expressions were examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared with control rats, the volume of diabetic model rat glomerulus accreted, some intercapillary cells proliferated and mesangial region expanded, both glomerular basement membrane and renal tubular basement membrane thickened. Treatment with diabetic nephropathy symptom. The diabetic kidney to body weight ratio protein expressions in diabetic kidney to near control level. CONCLUSION Berberine regulates Cdk9 and cyclin T1 protein expressions in diabetic kidney which may partly contribute to ameliorate nephropathy complication induced by STZ and the high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet.
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AIM To inVestigate the positiVe transcription elongation factor b(P-TEFb)expressjon and the effect of berberine on diabetic retina of the rat.METHODS Type 2 diabetes mellitus rat models were diabetic control rats(group A)that neither received STZ nor the high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet;16-wk diabetic rats without any drug treatment(group B);diabetic rats treated with berberine at a dose of 75,150 or staining and P-TEFb(cyclin-dependent kinases 9(CDK9)and cyclin T1)protein expression was detected by immunohistochemjstry.RESULTS The retinas of control group were thicker than those of other 6 groups.After thickness but no difference in retinal structure among all groups.Middle-.high-dose berberine and rosiglitazone fenofibrate showed no effect on CDK9 and cyclin T1 expression.CONCLUSION Berberine modulating P-TEFb level in diabetic retina may probably be one of the mechanisms to ameliorate retinopatby induced by STZ and the high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet.
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Retinopathy is a major cause of morbidity in diabetes and remains the primary cause of new blindness. Therefore, it is necessary to find new drug to treat diabetic retinopathy. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats were induced by injection (ip) with streptozotocin (STZ) 35 mg·kg-1 and fed with a high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet 2 weeks later. From week 17 to 32, diabetic rats were given different doses of berberine 75, 150, and 300 mg·kg-1, fenofibrate 100 mg·kg-1 and rosiglitazone 4 mg·kg-1, separately. Retinal structure was observed with hematoxylin-eosin staining and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α/δ/γ protein expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry. The retina of control rats was thicker than that of other groups, 16 weeks treatment with berberine (150 and 300 mg·kg-1) and rosiglitazone 4 mg·kg-1 thickened the diabetic retina, but no difference existed in retinal structure among groups. Both berberine (150 and 300 mg·kg-1) and rosiglitazone 4 mg·kg-1 significantly decreased PPARγ expression in diabetic retina;while berberine (150 and 300 mg·kg-1) and fenofibrate 100 mg·kg-1 obviously increased both PPARα and PPARδ expressions in diabetic retina. Berberine modulates PPARα/δ/γ protein levels in diabetic retina which may contribute to ameliorate retinopathy complication induced by STZ and a high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet. It is expected that berberine might be a more beneficial drug to treat diabetic retinal complication comparing with fenofibrate and rosiglitazone.
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OBJECTIVE: To prepare Berberine hydrochloride solid lipid nanoparticles(BH-SLN). METHODS: BH-SL-N was prepared by conventional rotary-evaporated film-ultrasonication method. Based on the single-factor experiment, BH-SLN was prepared using orthogonal design for optimization of formulation and technology. The quality of the obtained BH-SLN was evaluated. RESULTS:BH-SLN had even and regular appearance with a mean diameter of 60.5 nm,Zeta potential of —29.7 mV,drug loading of 8.69%, and entrapment ratio of 97.58%. CONCLUSION: The entrapment ratio of BH-SLN is high and the stability is good for BH-SLN prepared by conventional rotary-evaporated film-ultrasonication method, and the method is reliable.
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OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of different factor combinations on diabetic nephropathy(DN)rats model and to determine the preferred plan for the establishment of DN rats model.METHODS:A total of 30 SD rats were randomly divided into 5 group(6 rats in each group):group A was assigned to receive placebo(normal control),group B to receive high-lipids and high-sucrose feeding,group C to receive high-lipids and high-sucrose feeding plus streptozotocin(STZ),group D to receive high-lipids and high-sucrose feeding plus doxorubicin hydrochloride and STZ,group E to receive high-lipids and high-sucrose feeding plus mononephroctomy and STZ 12 weeks later the model rats were put to death for the determination of serum parameters including blood lipid,glycosylated hemoglobin,renal function,aldose reductose(AR),glomerular filtration rate(GFR),SOD and MDA .RESULTS:The rats in group E showed significant increase in blood lipid,in particular the increase of AR,and which also showed significant differences in GFR and oxygen free radical indices as compared with normal group and the other model groups.CONCLUSIONS:The rats model that fed with high-lipids and high-sucrose feeding for 4wk prior to mononephroctomy followed by the postoperative intraperitoneal injection of low dose of STZ 2 weeks later proves to be the optimal one.
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Objective To study the preparation of polylactic-co-glycolic acid(PLGA) nanoparticles carrying arsenic trioxide(As_(2)O_(3)).Methods Polymer PLGA was used to prepare arsenic trioxide nanoparticles with w/o/w double-emulsion evaporation technique,which was optimized by uniform design test.Results The shape of As_(2)O_(3)-loaded PLGA nanoparticle was round,the size was well-distributed,the mean diameter was 178.2 nm,the average encapsulation ratio reached 53.19%,and the average drug loading was 0.64%.Conclusion The technique to prepare nanoparticles is simple and the quality can be easily controlled.
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Objective To prepare the glycyrrhizic acid solid lipid nanoparticles(GL-SLN).Methods GL-SLN was prepared by conventional rotary-evaporated film-ultrasonication method.Based on the single-factor experiment,GL-SLN was prepared using orthogonal design for optimization of formulation and technology.The obtained GL-SLN was also evaluated.Results GL-SLN had even and regular appearance and the average diameter was 75.8 nm.Zeta potential was-19.7 mV.The drug loading was 8.27% and the entrapment ratio was 91.76%.Conclusion The entrapment ratio of GL-SLN and the stability of GL-SLN prepared by conventional rotary-evaporated film-ultrasonication method are high and good.
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Objective To establish and optimize a method to extract and determine rhynchophylline in a traditional Chinese herb,Ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis. Methods Cold maceration with methanol and supersonic extraction was used to treat the medical material. Chromatography was performed on a Diamonsil C18 column (250 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m). Gradient elution was employed with a mobile phase consisting of methanol (solution A) and ammonium acetate buffer (0.01 mol/L,pH 6.0 adjusted by ammoniae aqua,solution B) as follows: A∶B from 25∶75 to 50∶50 from 0 to 20 min. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 1.0 ml/min and the column was maintained at 20 ℃. The detector was monitored at 245 nm. Results The calibration curve was linear among the concentration range of 0.25 to 64.0 ?g/ml (y=3.64?104x-2.13?104,r=0.999 5) and the relative recovery ranged from 95.95% to 114.4%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the reproducibility test was 6.50% and of the stability test was 4.62%,2.65% and 4.58% from the high density to the low. Conclusion Our method is accurate,reliable and with good reproducibility,and it can be used for determining rhynchophylline in Ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis.
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OBJECTIVE:To study the optimized process for extraction of the alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis.METHODS:Orthogonal design was used for studying the effect of alcohol concentration,volume,extraction time and times on the content of jatrorrhizine,epiberberine,coptisine,palmatine and berberine.RESULTS:The optimum extraction process is as follows:8 times of 50% alcohol,extracted for 4 times,each time for 2 hours.CONCLUSION:This extraction process is workable and reproducible,and can provide theoretic support for mass extraction of the alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of N-acetylcysteine(NAC)on the concentration of ethanol in serum and the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase in liver and stomach tissue in alcoholic mice.METHODS:All mice were given p.o white spirit30min after p.o saline or5%NAC solution,and the durations from the disappear of righting reflex to recovery in mice were recorded and the number of dead mice in24hours were countered;With the same procedure for six days,the mice were killed by withdrawaling blood from orbit,and taken out the liver and stomach immediately,the concentrations of ethanol in serum and the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase in liver and stomach were measured by chromatometry and colorimetric method respectively.RESULTS:In drunk test,5%NAC solution significantly postponed the time from p.o white spirit to the disappear of righting reflex(P
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AIM:To study the changes of membrane mobility of primary cultured renal proximal tubular cells(PTC) induced by cisplatin and to explore the protective effect of taurine on the changes.METHODS:PTC were established in vitro.Cisplat_in-induced groups:PTC were incubated with cisplatin(6.5,13,26,52?mol/L) for 24h.Taurine groups:PTC were preincubated with taurine(0.1,1,10g/L) for 24h.Then cisplatin(26?mol/L) was added into the culture and continued to incubate for 24h.The membrane mobility of PTC was measured using DPH(1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5 hexatriene)as fluorescence probe.RESU_LTS:Cisplatin(13,26,52?mol/L) significantly increased the membrane mobility of PTC.The degree of fluorescence polarization(P),the anisotropy(?) and the microviscosity(?) of PTC were significantly reduced(P
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AIM： To study the effects of nabumetone on immunological fuctions in mice METHODS： After nabumetone was given ig to mice， the weight of thymus and spleen， phagocytizing function of macrophages， PHA－ induced lymphocyte transformation were observed respectively in mice RESULTS： The weight of thymus and spleen was decreased， the phagocytizing function of macrophages was reduced， PHA－ induced lymphocyte transformation was markedly inhibited with nabumetone in mice CONCLUSION： The immunological function in mice was significantly inhibited with nonsteriod anti－ inflammatory drug－ nabumetone