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The advancement of computers and data explosion have ushered in the third wave of artificial intelligence(AI). AI is an interdisciplinary field that encompasses new ideas, new theories, and new technologies, etc. AI has brought convenience to ophthalmology application and promoted its intelligent, precise, and minimally invasive development. At present, AI has been widely applied in various fields of ophthalmology, especially in oculoplastic surgery. AI has made rapid progress in image detection, facial recognition, etc., and its performance and accuracy have even surpassed humans in some aspects. This article reviews the relevant research and applications of AI in oculoplastic surgery, including ptosis, single eyelid, pouch, eyelid mass, and exophthalmos, and discusses the challenges and opportunities faced by AI in oculoplastic surgery, and provides prospects for its future development, aiming to provide new ideas for the development of AI in oculoplastic surgery.
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ABSTARCT AIM: To investigate the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on kidney injury in rats with chronic renal failure (CRF) and its potential molecular mechanism. METHODS: SD rats were given 5/6 nephrectomy to construct CRF models and divided into model group, GBE group (100 mg /kg), GBE+ Agomir-NC group, and GBE+Agomir-145 group, 12 per group; another 12 were selected as the sham group, with only the kidney exposed and no nephrectomy. Rats in the GBE group were given GBE 100 mg/kg gavage daily, once a day, for 4 consecutive weeks; rats in the GBE+Agomir-NC group and GBE+Agomir-145 group were given GBE 100 mg/kg gavage daily, and then Agomir-NC and Agomir-145 were injected via the tail vein every 3 days for 4 weeks; the sham group and the model group were given the same amount of normal saline by gavage and injection through the tail vein respectively. The general state of the rat was observed, and the renal function indicators [24 h urine microalbumin (24 h UAlb), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood creatinine (SCr)] and oxidative stress indicators [malonaldehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)] were detected, Masson staining was used to observe the fibrosis of kidney tissue, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of microRNA-145 (miR-145), transforming growth factor - β1 (TGF - β1) and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) in renal tissue, Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of TGF - β1 and FOXO1 in kidney tissue. RESULTS: The general state of CRF rats improved significantly after GBE intervention, the body weight, renal tissue SOD and GSH-Px activities, and FOXO1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher than those in the model group (P<0.05); the 24 h UAlb, serum BUN, SCr and renal tissue MDA levels, the relative area of renal interstitial fibrosis, and renal tissue miR-145, TGF - β1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly lower than those in the model group (P<0.05); and on the basis of GBE intervention, up-regulating the expression of miR-145 could significantly weaken the protective effect of GBE on renal injury in CRF rats (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: GBE can alleviate kidney damage in CRF rats, and its mechanism of action may be related to down-regulation of miR-145, up-regulation of FOXO1 expression, and inhibition of renal fibrosis.
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Objective To investigate the effects of nonylphenol (NP) exposure on the activity of SOD and GSH-Px and the content of MDA in gastric tissue of SD rats. Methods Twenty-four clean SD rats were randomly divided into four groups, 6 in each group. The negative control group was given corn oil, and the exposure groups included low, medium and high doses of NP treatment groups. NP was prepared in corn oil and administrated intragastrically. The concentration of NP was 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively, given once a day. After 42 days of continuous intragastric administration, the animals were sacrificed under anesthesia and gastric tissues were collected. The pathological changes of gastric tissues were observed by HE staining. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in gastric tissues were respectively detected by chemical colorimetry. Results No bleeding or necrosis was found in the gastric mucosa of all groups by naked eye view. Pinhole-sized pigmentation was found in the stomach wall fold and bulge of NP medium dose group, and the number of pigmentation spots was increased significantly in NP high dose group. HE staining showed that the epithelial cells and glands of gastric mucosa of rats in normal group were arranged neatly and intact, and no any defect or abnormality in mucosal myometrium was observed. In the low dose group, hyperemia and edema, and vasodilation in the mucosal glands were observed, while in the medium and high dose groups, the epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa were damaged and exfoliated, the glandular ducts were swollen and congested, and lymphocyte infiltration was observed in the mucosa and interstitium. Compared with the control group, SOD activity in the high dose group was significantly decreased (P0.05). SOD activity decreased gradually with the increase of the dose. Compared with the control group, there was no significant difference in GSH-Px content among the NP exposure groups. Compared with the control group, the MDA content in the low dose group was significantly increased (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the medium and high dose groups. Conclusion Short-term exposure to 25mg/kg nonylphenol caused oxidative damage to gastric mucosa.
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Cerebrovascular disease is a common cause of cognitive impairment or dementia.Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) often occurs independently or coexists with Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.Early intervention of vascular risk factors,such as hypertension,can prevent or delay the process of VCI.MRI can only reveal the parenchymal damage from structures,but can not early identify brain tissue dysfunction or the presence of VCI.The molecular imaging techniques,such as single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography have been gradually used to the field of neuroscience.They have important roles in the diagnosis,differential diagnosis,and related research of VCI.