ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of teicoplanin (TEIC) in patients undergoing open heart surgery. We also attemped to define the optimum TEIC therapy protocol for prevention of perioperative infection and for treatment of staphylococcal endocarditis such as that caused by methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA). Serum TEIC concentrations were measured in 14 patients divided into two groups of 7 patients each undergoing elective open heart surgery. Patients in group I received 400mg of TEIC and patients in group II received 800mg, both administered as a slow intravenous infusion over 20min immediately after induction of anesthesia. The peak serum level (mean±standard error) of TEIC was respectively 57±11 and 139±39μg/ml at 2min after administration and then the TEIC level decreased gradually to 26± 7 and 55±10μg/ml at 60min after administration. The serum level of TEIC decreased rapidly to 17±5 and 31±7μg/ml, respectively, at the start of extracorporeal circulation (ECC), and was 11±2 and 27±6μg/ml after 60min of ECC, 8±2 and 23±7μg/ml at 2min after the termination of ECC, 8±3 and 23±6μg/ml at 60min after the termination of ECC, and 7±2 and 22±5μg/ml on admission to ICU. No side effects were seen during the study, such as red neck syndrome, renal dysfunction, hearing disorders, or postoperative infection. Our results suggested that the optimum dose of TEIC for prevention of perioperative infection was around 400mg, providing levels in excess of the MIC for most pathogens that have been found to cause infection following open heart surgery, including MRSA. In addition, a dose of 800mg was needed to keep trough levels above 20μg/ml for treatment of staphylococcal endocarditis. It was also suggested that half of the initial dose should be administered on admission to ICU and also at the start of ECC if the operation is going to last longer than 7h on the basis of the concentration-time curve.
ABSTRACT
Our experience with 13 patients (mean age 52, range 35-71 years) undergoing pericardiectomy at Mitsui Memorial Hospital in the 13 years (from 1977 to 1990) has examined with clinical features and M-mode echocardiographic study. Preoperatively, the patients were either in N. Y. H. A. Functional Class III (11 cases), or Class IV (2 cases). Median sternotomy without using cardiopulmonary bypass was employed in all cases. The area of the right ventricle, atria, cavae, pulmonary veins and left ventricle where can be reached without cardiopulmonary bypass or other hemodynamic support were decorticated completely, and the posterior portion of the left ventricle were not decorticated partially. Intraoperative hemodynamic responses were observed between before and after pericardiectomy monitored by Swan-Ganz catheter; central venous pressure (CVP) were changed from 21.3±5.6 to 13.6±4.0cmH<sub>2</sub>O, pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (PADP) were changed from 19.8±5.5 to 11.3±6.6mmHg, cardiac index (CI) were changed 2.14±1.34 to 3.16±1.73<i>l</i>/min/m<sup>2</sup>. There were no early deaths and no late heart complicated deaths. There were 2 cases died, one for advanced gastric carcinoma and another for wide cerebral infarction whthin 3 years from pericardiectomy. M-mode echocardiographic study that were examined between preoperative and late postoperative periods (mean follow-up time 51 months) showed effective recovery in cardiac function; left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) were from 34.3±12.1 to 39.5±14.5ml/m<sup>2</sup>, left ventricular end-systolic volume index (LVESVI) were from 17.2±7.8 to 13.1±6.7ml/m<sup>2</sup>, stroke index (SI) were from 17.1±7.3 to 26.6±12.5ml/m<sup>2</sup>, ejection fraction (EF) were from 45.1±19.2 to 61.2±22.5%, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mean Vcf) were from 0.80±0.35 to 1.13±0.53circ/sec. All the patients showed functional improvement; 9 are in N. Y. H. A. Functional Class I, and 4 are in Class II. These findings would be permitted this procedure with median sternotomy for chronic constrictive pericarditis as one of a safety and effective method conventionally.