2. Assessing Learners Without a Magic Bullet : Validity and Utility of Assessment / 医学教育

This paper describes the concepts of assessment theory which are necessary to implement the most desirable assessments, with a particular focus on validity and utility. Validity, classically defined as a trinity of content, criterion-related, and construct, is now encompassed by construct validity. By distinguishing between validity and validation, the process of reinforcing validity through argument-based validation is proposed. Furthermore, we refer to the concept of utility, which takes into account practicality (acceptability and cost) and educational impact, in order to make the assessment practice sustainable. Finally, we will address how learner assessment relates to program evaluation.

8. Learning Assessment and Good Practice (2) / 医学教育

In the 2022 Model Core Curriculum for Medical Education in Japan, "Chapter 3, Educational strategies and assessment" section II. "Learner Assessment," consists of three parts : II-1. Approaches to learner assessment, II-2. Assessment methods, and II-3. Questions about learner assessment. Based on the idea that "the way assessment is done varies from institution to institution," the answer to the "Question" is deliberately not included. We hope that readers will refer to this chapter when planning learning assessments in curriculum development while considering the curriculum's background and context.

Introduction of Insulin Experiential Learning for Medical Students during Clinical Clerkship / 医学教育

In the treatment of diabetes, insulin therapy is becoming increasingly important. However, it is reported that insulin initiation is often delayed due to psychological resistance in patients and physician’s concerns about patient education. One of the reasons for this problem is medical doctors’ inadequate understanding of insulin self-injection and patients’ perspectives. Therefore, we introduced a new strategy for learning this more effectively. We set student doctors as target learners. The learning strategy consists of experiential learning through the use of insulin injection model, in-patient interviews, and small group learning. Our new practice seems to be useful to understand the perception gap between medical professionals and patients.

Literature Search Skills of Japanese Medical Students in Clinical Clerkship - the Current Status and Effects of Brief Guidance / 医学教育

Introduction: During their clinical clerkship (CC), Japanese medical students’ literature searching skills were ambiguous. We conducted a questionnaire survey on students’ search processes to determine whether this skill improved after a lecture on conducting searches.　Method: This study was conducted from May to December 2019. The questionnaire survey was followed by a 90-minute lecture combining information and relevant activities. The questionnaire included students’ self-evaluation of their literature searching abilities, and references from their medical summaries and reports were compared to those of students from a 2018 group who did not attend the lecture.　Results: Sixty-seven students participated in the questionnaire survey and lecture. Questionnaire results demonstrated that the most frequently used search tool was PubMed. Regularly used types of literature were Japanese textbooks medical guidelines issued by the Japanese Medical Society, and English-language medical journal articles. The two major difficulties in conducting searches were the inability to critically appraise the literature and inadequate English reading skills.　The students’ satisfaction level regarding the lecture was found to be acceptable. After attending the lecture, students’ self-evaluation of their literature searching abilities improved significantly. Furthermore, compared to the 2018 group, references in students’ summaries and reports increased. Additionally, the number of English-language medical journal articles cited in reports was higher among students in the 2019 group than the 2018 group.　Conclusions: Although CC students can conduct literature searches, they struggle with critical appraisal and English-language comprehension. Interventions such as lectures may effectively improve their searching skills during CC.

Incorporating Flipped Classroom and Peer-Assisted Learning for Improving Students' Physical Examination Skills / 医学教育

Physical examination is an important skill that is indispensable for physicians’ practice, but clinical practice tends to be a case dependent experience. In addition, there is not enough opportunity to systematically train the physical examination skills. Hypothesis is driven according to the clinical context. Our objective is to improve hypothesis-driven physical examination skills. Fifth and sixth grade medical students launched an interest group “General Medicine Interest Group” at Chiba University. Flipped classroom and peer teaching were adopted to the General Medicine Interest Group. The educational approach of incorporating flipped classroom and peer-assisted learning was considered useful for improving students’ motivation and physical examination skills. We will report on the activities and their effectiveness.

Implementation of outcome–based education at the Chiba University School of Medicine focusing on planning a sequential curriculum / 医学教育

1)We applied a spiral curriculum devised by Harden to plan a sequential curriculum in outcome–based medical education at the Chiba University School of Medicine.<br>2)To plan a sequential curriculum, Miller's pyramid was applied to create a model for developing the competencies of physicians.<br>3)Competence levels based on the developmental model were used to plan learning objectives for each unit, and students and teachers were encouraged to understand the relevance of each lesson to competencies.