Effects of different concentrations of iodized salt on iodine nutrition and thyroid function of children and pregnant women / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To assess iodine nutrition and thyroid function in children and pregnant women before and after iodized salt concentration decline,and investigate the appropriate concentration of iodized salt.Methods Cluster sampling was carried out,study areas in Shandong and Gansu provinces were selected according to the coverage rate of iodized salt which was more than 95％ and the levels of iodine and fluoride in drinking water which were less than or equal to 10 μg/L and 1 mg/L,respectively in 2012 and 2014.Before (2012) and after (2014) iodized salt concentration decline:children and pregnant women were selected;salt,drinking water and urinary samples were collected;the iodine content of salt,the iodine and fluoride content of drinking water,and urinary iodine were tested.B ultrasound was used to examine the thyroid volume and the total goiter rate (TGR) was calculated in children.The blood sample was collected to test thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroglobulin (Tg) in the 2 groups of subjects.Results Before iodized salt concentration decline,the children median urinary iodine (MUI) concentrations of Shandong and Gansu provinces were 291.4 and 321.9 μg/L,which at the over appropriate and overdose levels,respectively.MUI of Shandong and Gansu provinces were 220.5 and 274.7 μg/L in pregnant women,which were at adequate and over appropriate levels.After iodized salt concentration decline,MUI of Shandong and Gansu provinces were 199.8 and 178.2 μg/L in children,and were 178.6 and 159.2 μg/L in pregnant women,which were all at adequate levels.Children's TGR declined from 7.95％ (7/88) to 5.88％ (7/119) in Shandong Province,children's TGR rose to 5.77％ (6/104) from 2.06％ (2/97) in Gansu Province,there was no statistical differences (x2 =0.34,1.81,P ＞ 0.05).Before and after iodized salt concentration decline,there were no differences statistically in TSH levels of children and pregnant women in Shandong and Gansu provinces (Z =-1.08,-0.83,-1.30,-0.80,P ＞ 0.05).Mter iodized salt concentration decline,the Tg levels were significantly lower than that before intervention in children and pregnant women in Shandong Province (Z =-10.78,-7.04,P ＜0.01);the Tg level was increased than that before intervention in pregnant women group in Gansu Province (Z =-2.78,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion After iodized salt concentration declined,iodine nutrition and thyroid function status of Shandong Province are reasonable,but the indicators of Gansu Province have a trend of iodine deficiency,monitoring needs to be strengthened,and iodized salt content needs to be adjusted in time.

Analysis of national surveillance results on iodized salt in non-high iodine areas in 2015 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To study the current prevention and control status of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and learn the current situation of iodized salt consumption at household level in non-high iodine areas in 2015,this surveillance was conducted.Methods In 2015,according to National Surveillance Program on Iodine Deficiency Disorders,the surveillance was conducted at county level in 31 provinces,municipalities,autonomous regions (provinces) and Xinjiang Production and Construction corps (Xinjiang Corps).In each county city,district,banner (county),5 townships were randomly selected according to their sub-area positions of east,west,south,north and center;4 villages were randomly sampled in each chosen township;15 households were randomly selected in each chosen village.Edible salt sample was collected from each household.The iodine level in salt was determined by direct titration;the salt samples from Sichuan and other enhanced salt samples were detected by arbitration.Results There were totally 2 840 counties that reported the surveillance data.In total,849 193 salt samples were examined,including 845 906 salts determined by direct titration and 3 287 samples determined only by semi-quantitative detection.Weighted by population,the national coverage rate of iodized salt was 98.37％.At provincial level,the coverage rate of iodized salt was higher than 95％ except Tianjin,Shanghai and Shandong.At county level,2 669 counties had a coverage rate of iodized salt higher than or equal to 95％,171 counties were lower than 95％,and 31 counties were less than 80％.The national consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 94.57％ (except 11 counties in Tibet).At provincial level,the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was higher than 90％ except Shanghai (66.84％),Tianjin (79.14％),Tibet (82.09％) and Qinghai (89.22％).At county level,totally 2 633 counties had a rate of qualified iodized salt higher than 90％,and 196 counties were lower than 90％.The mean of iodine content in iodized salt was (25.37 ± 4.57) mg/kg.At provincial level,the means of iodine content in iodized salt were in the range of 23.51-28.95 mg/kg and the variable coefficient (CV) was in the range of 12.17％-27.37％,the CV was higher than 15％ in 24 provinces and Xinjiang Corps.Conclusions The coverage rate of iodized salt and the qualified iodized salt at national level are in a good condition.However,the problem of non-iodized salt is still serious in some provinces.

National monitoring results in high water iodine areas in 2015 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To observe the high iodine induced thyroid goiter condition,iodine nutritional status and coverage rate of non-iodized salt in high water iodine areas.Methods The household non-iodized salt was monitored in counties (cities,regions) of high water iodine areas and high iodine diseased areas in Tianjin,Hebei,Shanxi,Jiangsu,Anhui,Shandong,Henan and Shaanxi provinces.Among the monitoring sites,where the water iodine were 150-300 μg/L or higher than 300 μg/L,50％ of the them were selected to investigate the water iodine,children urinary iodine and thyroid volume of children in high iodine counties.Results Household edible salt was monitored in 110 counties of 8 provinces,with a total of 25 597 salt samples.The number of non-iodized salt was 24 640,and the coverage rate of non-iodized salt was 96.3％.After being weighted based on the population of counties,the coverage rate of non-iodized salt was 96.9％.In all,73 survey areas include 183 663 people,64 monitoring sites (87.7％) where the water iodine level were higher or equal to 150 μg/L and the median of water iodine was 250.8 μg/L.Totally 5 991 children aged 6-12 were measured thyroid volume,the total goiter rate was 6.2％,the children thyroid goiter rate was higher than 5％ in Hebei,Shanxi,Henan,Tianjin and Shandong provinces.Totally 4 618 children were detected urinary iodine,the median urinary iodine concentration was 373.0 μg/L,and the children median urinary iodine concentration was exceeded 300 μg/L in Tianjin,Hebei,Shanxi,Jiangsu and Shandong provinces.The children urinary iodine concentration and goiter rate increased gradually with increasing of water iodine content.Conclusions The non-iodized salt coverage rate is high in high water iodine areas,most monitored areas have changed drinking water sources,but the median water iodine concentration is still higher than 150 μg/L.Children median urinary iodine concentration is higher than 300 μg/L,iodine is in a excessive status.The children total goiter rate is higher than 5％.Some countermeasures are proposed to search low iodine water,change water sources,do health education,and add other surveillance measures,such as thyroid function detection on target groups,and so on.

Analysis of key findings at high risk areas of iodine deficiency disorders in China, 2014 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To investigate the population nutritional status of iodine in areas at high risk of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in our country and provide scientific basis for development control strategy to IDD.Methods According to the national IDD surveillance protocol which was revised in 2012,township (town,street office) as a unit,seven provinces including Zhejiang,Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxi,Henan,Qinghai and Xinjiang,32 monitoring counties in high-risk areas were chosen into the survey by simple random sampling.New cretinism cases were searched,the thyroid volume was examined in children,the urinary iodine in children and pregnant woman,and the family salt iodine level was tested.Results The survey found no suspected cases and no confirmed endemic cretinism cases.The goiter rate was 1.8％ (141/7 968)and the median of urinary iodine was 163.0 μg/L in children in the 7 project provinces.In addition to the median urinary iodine of 305.1 μg/L in Henan children,the median urinary iodine in other provinces was in the 100-199 μ.g/L.The median of urinary iodine in pregnant women was 120.8 μg/L,in addition to the median urinary iodine of 234.9 μg/L in pregnant women in Henan,the median urinary iodine of pregnant women in other provinces was less than 150 μg/L.The coverage rate of iodized salt in the 7 project provinces was 80.3％ (1 577/1 963),the coverage rate of iodized salt was less than 80％ in Guangxi,Qinghai,Fujian and Zhejiang.The 176 villages in the 6 project provinces were surveyed iodized salt bought through network,except Qinghai.Sale of iodized salt from salt retail accounted for 96.3％ (737/765).Survey of the 7 provinces of 2 024 women,pregnant women found that purchased salt accounted for 87.3％(1 766/2 024).Purchased and replaced salts was accounted for 3.6％ (72/2 024) and 9.2％ (186/2 024),respectively.The survey did not found a children who had taken iodine oil,only 47.5％(487/1 026) of pregnant women in Xinjiang had taken iodine oil.Conclusions The iodine nutrition level is appropriate in children in the areas at high risk of IDD,but the iodine nutrition level in pregnant women is low.Some areas should improve the coverage rate of iodized salt and iodized salt concentration,take health education at the right moment,promote iodized salt for pregnant women,and prevent new cretinism cases.

National monitoring results in high water iodine areas in 2015 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To observe the high iodine induced thyroid goiter condition,iodine nutritional status and coverage rate of non-iodized salt in high water iodine areas.Methods The household non-iodized salt was monitored in counties (cities,regions) of high water iodine areas and high iodine diseased areas in Tianjin,Hebei,Shanxi,Jiangsu,Anhui,Shandong,Henan and Shaanxi provinces.Among the monitoring sites,where the water iodine were 150-300 μg/L or higher than 300 μg/L,50％ of the them were selected to investigate the water iodine,children urinary iodine and thyroid volume of children in high iodine counties.Results Household edible salt was monitored in 110 counties of 8 provinces,with a total of 25 597 salt samples.The number of non-iodized salt was 24 640,and the coverage rate of non-iodized salt was 96.3％.After being weighted based on the population of counties,the coverage rate of non-iodized salt was 96.9％.In all,73 survey areas include 183 663 people,64 monitoring sites (87.7％) where the water iodine level were higher or equal to 150 μg/L and the median of water iodine was 250.8 μg/L.Totally 5 991 children aged 6-12 were measured thyroid volume,the total goiter rate was 6.2％,the children thyroid goiter rate was higher than 5％ in Hebei,Shanxi,Henan,Tianjin and Shandong provinces.Totally 4 618 children were detected urinary iodine,the median urinary iodine concentration was 373.0 μg/L,and the children median urinary iodine concentration was exceeded 300 μg/L in Tianjin,Hebei,Shanxi,Jiangsu and Shandong provinces.The children urinary iodine concentration and goiter rate increased gradually with increasing of water iodine content.Conclusions The non-iodized salt coverage rate is high in high water iodine areas,most monitored areas have changed drinking water sources,but the median water iodine concentration is still higher than 150 μg/L.Children median urinary iodine concentration is higher than 300 μg/L,iodine is in a excessive status.The children total goiter rate is higher than 5％.Some countermeasures are proposed to search low iodine water,change water sources,do health education,and add other surveillance measures,such as thyroid function detection on target groups,and so on.

Analysis of key findings at high risk areas of iodine deficiency disorders in China, 2014 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To investigate the population nutritional status of iodine in areas at high risk of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in our country and provide scientific basis for development control strategy to IDD.Methods According to the national IDD surveillance protocol which was revised in 2012,township (town,street office) as a unit,seven provinces including Zhejiang,Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxi,Henan,Qinghai and Xinjiang,32 monitoring counties in high-risk areas were chosen into the survey by simple random sampling.New cretinism cases were searched,the thyroid volume was examined in children,the urinary iodine in children and pregnant woman,and the family salt iodine level was tested.Results The survey found no suspected cases and no confirmed endemic cretinism cases.The goiter rate was 1.8％ (141/7 968)and the median of urinary iodine was 163.0 μg/L in children in the 7 project provinces.In addition to the median urinary iodine of 305.1 μg/L in Henan children,the median urinary iodine in other provinces was in the 100-199 μ.g/L.The median of urinary iodine in pregnant women was 120.8 μg/L,in addition to the median urinary iodine of 234.9 μg/L in pregnant women in Henan,the median urinary iodine of pregnant women in other provinces was less than 150 μg/L.The coverage rate of iodized salt in the 7 project provinces was 80.3％ (1 577/1 963),the coverage rate of iodized salt was less than 80％ in Guangxi,Qinghai,Fujian and Zhejiang.The 176 villages in the 6 project provinces were surveyed iodized salt bought through network,except Qinghai.Sale of iodized salt from salt retail accounted for 96.3％ (737/765).Survey of the 7 provinces of 2 024 women,pregnant women found that purchased salt accounted for 87.3％(1 766/2 024).Purchased and replaced salts was accounted for 3.6％ (72/2 024) and 9.2％ (186/2 024),respectively.The survey did not found a children who had taken iodine oil,only 47.5％(487/1 026) of pregnant women in Xinjiang had taken iodine oil.Conclusions The iodine nutrition level is appropriate in children in the areas at high risk of IDD,but the iodine nutrition level in pregnant women is low.Some areas should improve the coverage rate of iodized salt and iodized salt concentration,take health education at the right moment,promote iodized salt for pregnant women,and prevent new cretinism cases.

Effects of geochemical conditions on distribution of thyroid diseases due to iodine deficiency in seaside of Russia / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To assess the relationship between environmental chemical elements and incidence of thyroid diseases in the population of primorsky region in Russia,to understand the effects between iodine deficiency,iodine deficiency diseases and toxic elements (cadmium,lead,arsenic,tin) and essential elements (nickel,iron,molybdenum,zinc,selenium,iodine).Method By analyzing the project of Multi-purpose geochemical mapping (MGHK-1000),through the establishment of priority of screening indicators,the geochemical situation of seaside environment was evaluated; basic correlation analysis and logic analysis of binary type were used,combined with the eco-hygiene method to evaluate the relationship between environmental chemical pollutant and incidence of thyroid diseases.Results The prevalence of thyroid disease was increased in recent years in Primorsky region.This region could be divided into 7 areas according to the total indicator of pollution,imbalance of zinc,iron,cobalt,manganese areas,excess of lead,strontium,nickel,chromium areas which could also lead to iodine deficiency.Conclusions Thyroid diseases are environmental-related diseases due to iodine deficiency,further associated with combined imbalance of trace elements and toxic elements.

Investigation of thyroid function change and urinary iodine standard of pregnant women / 中华地方病学杂志

Objectives To study the changes of thyroid function under different urinary iodine levels and pregnant trimesters,and to investigate the urinary iodine standard of pregnant women,taken thyroid function as a golden standard.Methods Early,mid and late trimester pregnant women in the iodine deficient rural areas of Gansu and Jilin Provinces were selected,at least 70 cases were included for each trimester in each province.Pregnant women included were physically healthy;cases should be excluded if their immediate relatives had a thyroid disease history.Urinary iodine,free triiodothyronine (FT3),free thyroxine (FT4),thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb),thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb),and edible salt iodine from pregnant women's home were tested.The urinary iodine was measured with the method for determination of iodine in urine by As3+-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry (WS/T 107-2006).Thyroid function was tested by chemiluminescence method,salt iodine was determined by direct titration method (GB/T 13025.7-1999).Results Totally 439 pregnant women were investigated in the two provinces.Median of urine iodine was 178.6 μg/L;for the 215 women in Gansu,the value was 156.4 μg/L;for the 224 women in Jilin,the value was 206.4 μg/L.Along with the increase of urinary iodine,the FT3 of Gansu decreased from 5.77 pmol/L to 5.34 pmol/L,TSH increased from the lowest 2.63 mU/L to 3.75 mU/L;the FT3 of Jilin increased from 4.41 pmol/L to 4.45 pmol/L,TSH increased from the lowest 0.92 mU/L to 1.50 mU/L.Five indicators of thyroid function of more than 97％ pregnant women were in normal range and FT3 was the most stable in the three trimesters.FT3 of the three triimesters in Gansu was 6.27,5.76,5.28 pmol/L,respectively,and that in Jilin was 4.50,4.42,4.32 pmol/L,respectively.The 5％ and 95％ quantile were 55.24,581.27 μg/L of urinary iodine,of pregnant women with normal thyroid function.Conclusions Under different urinary iodine levels,pregnant women's thyroid function is relatively stable.TSH has showed an increasing trend with increasing iodine level.Along with the progress of pregnancy,the urinary iodine is different among the three pregnancy periods,but the thyroid function is stable.The pregnant women with normal thyroid function have a urinary iodine level between 50-600 μg/L.

National iodine deficiency disorders: an analysis of surveillance data in 2011 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objectives To understand current situation in national prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD),and to evaluate the progress in eliminating IDD in 31 provinces and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (Corps) in China.Methods In 2011,30 units were sampled in each of 31 provinces and Corps in China based on the sampling method of Probability Proportional to Size.After excluding townships of water iodine level higher than 150 μg/L,1 primary school was chosen in each unit,by the randomized sampling method,40 students in cach school were sampled for examining their thyroid volume,among them,12 students were tested for their urinary iodine level and for their household salt iodine level and per capital daily salt intake.Near the location of these primary schools,3 townships were chosen,5 pregnant women and 5 lactating women in each township were sampled to test their urinary iodine level.Besides,1 water sample was sampled according to the location in each village (east,west,south,north,and middle) in non-central water supplying villages,and 2 tap water samples in central water supplying villages.The ultrasound was used to detect goiter size according to the diagnostic criteria for endemic goiter; As3+-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry using ammonium per sulfate digestion (WS/T 107-2006) was used to test the urinary iodine level; the testing method recommended by the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Reference Lab was applied to test the water iodine level,the direct titration method among the generic methods of iodide testing for salt production industry (GB/T 13025.7-1999) was used to determine the salt iodine level; and the arbitration method was adopted for quantitative determination in case of well salt or special salts and the salt intake was estimated based on three-day weighed food record.Evaluation standards are as follows:urinary iodine level of children:deficient is the median of urinary iodine (MUI) less than 100 μg/L,adequate is MUI at 100-199 μg/L,more than adequate is MUI at 200-299 μg/L,and excessive is MUI equal to or greater than 300 μg/L;salt iodine:definition of qualified iodized salt is (35-± 15) mg/kg; non-iodized salt (GB 5461-2000) is iodine less than 5 mg/kg; definition of unqualified iodized salt is iodine between 5-＜ 20 mg/kg or higher than 50 mg/kg.The total population of the sixth national census was used for statistical data correction.Results Among 31 provinces and Corps,children's goiter rate was 2.4％,which was obviously lower than the IDD elimination standard at the national level (＜ 5％); the national iodized salt coverage rate was 98.0％ and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 95.3％,both figures had achieved the national standard (the iodized salt coverage should be greater than 95％ and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt greater than 90％).The median of salt iodine was at 30.2 mg/kg; the MUI of children,pregnant women and lactating women was 238.6,184.4 and 174.4 μg/L,respectively.Urinary iodine of children was higher than adequate level,of both pregnant women and lactating women were at adequate level.The surveillance results of water iodine in 25 provinces revealed that the median was at 5.6 μg/L; the salt intake surveillance results among students' households in 24 provinces and the Corps revealed that the daily intake was 10.1 g per person a day.Conclusions National IDD prevention and control strategy integrated with universal salt iodization as a key measure has achieved remarkable impacts.IDD has been eliminated at the national level.

A study of CD4+T lymphocyte infiltration level in the thyroid of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis rat / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To establish a experimental autoimmune thyroiditis(EAT) rat model and to observe pathological change levels of CD4 + T lymphocyte infiltration in thyroid tissues under different iodine nutrient conditions.Methods One hundred and thirty-five four weeks old female Lewis rats(body weight about 80 g) were divided into control(NC),model(TG),high iodine-Ⅰ (HⅠ),high iodine and model-Ⅰ (HⅠ + TG),high iodine-Ⅱ (H Ⅱ),high iodine and model-Ⅱ (H Ⅱ + TG) groups according to body weight by random number table.There were 20 rats in NC,HⅠ and H Ⅱ groups,and 25 rats in TG,H Ⅰ + TG and H Ⅱ + TG groups.The rats of HⅠ and HⅠ + TG groups drank deionized water containing iodine 25.7 mg/L; rats of HⅡl and H Ⅱ + TG groups drank deionized water containing iodine 423.3 mg/L; rats of NC and TG groups drank distilled water.Rats of TG,HⅠ + TG and H Ⅱ + TG groups were immunized with 0.1 ml thyroglobulin(Tg,8.0 g/L) in incomplete Freunds adjuvant (IFA),once two weeks for three times.Urine samples were collected after immunization for 8 weeks; after immunization for 15 weeks,rats were killed,blood samples and thyroid tissues were taken.Urinary iodine was determined by arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry; pathological changes in thyroid tissue were observed by Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) method ; immunohistochemical method was used to identify the infiltration of inflammatory cells in thyroid tissue.Results The difference of rat thyroid relative quality between groups was statistically significant (F =44.428,P ＜ 0.05).Compared with NC group (0.085 25 mg/g),thyroid relative qualities were increased in experimental groups (TG,HⅠ,HⅠ + TG,H Ⅱ,H Ⅱ + TG groups:0.095 22,0.092 85,0.097 48,0.096 55,0.095 33 mg/g,all P ＜ 0.05).The difference of urinary iodine between groups was statistically significant(x2 =106.4,P＜ 0.05).Compared with NC group(456.45 μg/L),urinary iodine levels in TG,HⅠ,HⅠ +TG,HⅡ,HⅡ + TG groups(800.08,18 633.20,13 869.00,87 889.97,61 661.51 μg/L) were increased(all P ＜ 0.05).The pathological changes of rats in each group were increased with increasing of iodine intake.Rats in NC group had normal thyroid structure; in TG,HⅠ groups,a small amount of lyrnphocytes were found between thyroid follicular; the lymphocytes infiltrated into the follicular in HⅠ + TG group; rats in H Ⅱ,H Ⅱ + TG groups had follicular fusion,and diffused inflammatory cell infiltration.There was a tendency of increased CD4+ T lymphocyte infiltration in rat thyroid with increasing of iodine intake.There was no CD4+ T lymphocyte positive staining in NC group; TG group had a small amount of positive cells; HⅠ group had scattered yellowish-brown positive cells.HⅠ + TG group had a focal lymphocyte infiltration; HⅡ group had follicular expansion obviously; follicular structure damage in HⅡ + TG group was serious,and showed a diffused yellow dye.Conclusion Excessive iodine intake and Tg immunization can induce and aggravate the incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis in rats,and pathological change situation has exacerbated with increasing of iodine intake; excessive iodine intake may also lead to an increased tendency of CD4+ T lymphocytes infiltration in thyroid tissue of EAT rat.

Comparison of detection rates of women’s subclinical thyroid diseases between iodine-deficient regions with iodine supplying and water-borne iodine excess regions / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective By comparing the detection rates of subclinical thyroid diseases in women(pregnant,lactating and child-bearing age)between iodine deficient regions (supplied iodized salt)and water-borne iodine excess regions (consumed non-iodized salt),and to find the different prevalence of subclinical thyroid disease between two regions under their different iodine source and iodine levels, and to provide reference for screening susceptible population with iodine-related thyroid diseases.Methods The iodine deficiency but salt iodine surpplying regions were selected from six provinces in our country,the local people who were pregnant women,lactating women and 18 to 45 years old women of child-bearing age,a total of 991 cases were investigated.The iodine nutrition levels of the pregnant women were grouped by 0.05). With the increase of iodine exposure levels,the prevalence of women who suffered from subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid antibody positive was increased,the coincidence rate was also increased.The detection rates of low T4 concentration and total subclinical thyroid disease of pregnant women in iodine nutrition100μg·L-1 group (P<0.05).Conclusion When the iodine intake is appropriate, iodine intakes from salt or from water have no effect on subclinical thyroid diseases. When the iodine intake increases,the prevalence of subclinical thyroid diseases will increase too.

A comparison of four correction methods for measuring thyroid volume of children aged 8-10 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objectives To analyze and compare four correction methods for measuring thyroid volume,and to find out the best one for thyroid volume correction of children aged 8-10.Methods In 2012 and 2013,the project was carried out in iodine deficient rural areas (water iodine below 10 μg/L) of Jilin and Gansu Provinces,10 villages in each province were chosen as survey sites,and 40 children of 8 to 10 years old were chosen from each village,half boys and half girls.Utrasonography was adopted to determine the thyroid volume,and height and weight were measured.The thyroid volume was corrected by Body Mass Indicator(BMI),weight and height,body surface,and height,separately.Body Mass Indicator corrected Volume (BMIV),Weight and Height corrected Volume Indicator(WHVI),Body Surface Area corrected Volume(BSAV) and Height corrected Volume Indicator(HVI) were calculated and compared with their original thyroid volumes to find out the best one.Results Datas of 450 and 408 children were collected from Jilin and Gansu Provinces,separately.According to their original thyroid volumes,goiter rates of Jilin and Gansu were 10.4％ (47/450) and 0.5％ (2/408),respectively.All these four methods could decrease the difference between provinces and sexes.Among the four methods,WHIV and BSAV were abnormal for correction of different ages,heights and weights.HVI had the most normalized distribution and stronger correlation with the original thyroid volumes than others(r =0.961).The HVI corrected results had similar distribution with the original thyroid volume but the data were different.After being adjusted by 1.7 × HVI,the results were close to the original thyroid volumes.Goiters in Jilin and Gansu Provinces,were 9.1％(41/450) and 0.5％(2/408),respectively,after correction.Conclusion The 1.7 × HVI is the most suitable method for correcting the thyroid volume of children aged 8-10.

Study of gallbladder adenomas with contrast-enhanced ultrasound / 中华超声影像学杂志

lusionsThe CEUS findings are different between benign and malignant gallbladder adenomas. The enhancement pattern and speed are useful for differentiating benign from malignant adenomas.

Survey of infection status of human immunodeficiency virus among women in reproductive age in Mauritania / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Data suggested that there were 24.5 million of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected women in 16 countries in southern Sahara Africa.OBJECTIVE: To survey the HIV infection status among women in reproductive age in Mauritania so as to provide research direction and basic data for prevention and treatment of immunodeficiency diseases.DESIGN: Random sampling survey.SETTING: Epidemic Disease & Health Statistics Department of Radiation Medicine and Public Health College of Suzhou University;Institute of Iodin Absence of Harbin Medical University;and Public Health College and Epidemic Disease & Health Statistics Department of Harbin Medical University.PARTICIPANTS:The survey was conducted in the 14 main cities of the whole country from March to June 2001. Inclusion criteria: Women were in reproductive age, aged 15-49 years, from Mauritania; and all told the fact.Exclusion criteria: Women refused survey and not in reproductive age were excluded.Among 331 548 women,4 000-6 000 samples were surveyed and the sampling rate was 1.2％-1.8％.METHODS: Venous blood and isolated sera of women in reproductive age were collected. Sera were detected by ELISA test and confirmed by Western Blot test in order to know HIV infection and its subtypes.The detection rates of different population and cities were calculated and made statistical analysis.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The infection and subtypes of HIV; infected rate of HIV among different crowd in different cities.RESULTS: Among 4 648 women in reproductive age in 13 provinces, 24infected cases aged of 15-49 years were found with the infected rate of 0.516％,of them 22 cases were infected with HIV-1 and 2 cases were in fected with HIV-2. The detection rates were 0.500％-1.010％ (5 cities), 0-0.500％ (3 cities) and 0％ (5 ities) respectively. The age of 95.83％ of the total infected cases was 15-29 years. The number of the HIV-infected cases was about 1 400 persons among women in reproductive age in 13 main cities.CONCLUSION: The total HIV-infected detection rate was 0.516％ among women in reproductive age in 13 main cities of Mauritania.HIV-1 2 was the dominant subtype. HIV infection was different among regions. HIV-in fected cases aged 15-29 constituted more than 95％ of the total cases. The prevalent trend of AIDS was in the stage of transmission after importing.

Three-dimensional ultrasonography of normal vascular structures and vascular diseases / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To assess the clinical value of three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) in normal vascular structures and vascular diseases. Methods Thirty-nine 3DUS images were reconstructed,including 17 normal vascular structures and 22 vascular diseases. 3DUS reconstruction was introduced by the maximum intensity projection (MIP) method. A series of 3DUS image was performed using GE Logiq 500 and Logiq 700. Results In all cases, 3DUS images were constructed within 10-30 seconds after free hand scanning. Internal, external and common carotid arteries were also showed in the same rotating 3DUS display simultaneously. The continuity of the transplanted hepatic portal vein were demonstrated clearly in rotating mode 3DUS display and consistent with angiography or computer tomography findings. In cases of various vascular diseases, the degree and location of stenosis or aneurysm of the vessels could be stereoscopically visualized, easy to understand especially for a surgeon who evaluates a preoperative state. Conclusions The 3DUS can display normal or abnormal vascular anatomy clearly. 3DUS image could supply more information than original two-dimensional image, and is useful in the diagnosis of various vascular diseases.

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Thoracic Lesions——in Comparison with Radiographic Diagnosis(Report of 270 Cases) / 实用放射学杂志

Two hunderd and seventy patients with thoracic lesions (including 10 patients with chest wall lesions, 36 with pleural lesions, 130 with intrapulmonary lesions, 81 with mediastinal lesions and 13 cases with partial or complete opacity of hemithorax) were evaluated by ultrasonography during a period of 58 months from January 1987 to October 1991. The value and limitation of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of thoracic lesions were discussed on the basis of comparison with radiographic diagnosis. In 125 of 270 patients percutaneous needle biopsies guided by ultrasonography were performed with an accuracy rate of 97.5%. Slight amount of pneumothorax occured in only two cases (1.60%) after the biopsy.