Distinguishment of XU Qiu-fu's thirteen ghost points / 中国针灸

In addition to the well-known thirteen ghost points in Qianjin Fang (Important Formulas worth a Thousand Gold Pieces), "XU Qiu-fu's thirteen ghost points" is recorded in other medical books. The contents of "XU Qiu-fu's thirteen ghost points" are not exactly same among these medical books, which mainly focus on the nomination and selection of the ghost points. Even though, there are many similarity when compared with the thirteen ghost points in Qianjin Fang in terms of acupoint selection, acupoint location and the sequence of needle insertion, as well as the therapeutic methods. The authors believe that "XU Qiu-fu's thirteen ghost points" is actually adapted based on the framework of the thirteen ghost points in Qianjin Fang.

Exploring theory of contemporary acupuncture manipulation and its application characteristics: in the perspective of acupuncture technique in Acupuncture and Moxibustion / 中国针灸

Through reviewing acupuncture technique in various editions of the state-compiled teaching material of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, the hierarchical structure, definitions, and variations of acupuncture manipulation were collected, the theory of contemporary acupuncture manipulation as well as its application characteristics were explored. In the perspective of the hierarchical structure, acupuncture technique with filiform needle is predominated. It is implied in the description of the definition of acupuncture technique that the devices of acupuncture have been developed from single form to multivariant one and the stimulation regions have no longer limited to acupoints. The types of acupuncture manipulations have been enriched gradually during the development of teaching materials. But a part of acupuncture manipulation have been deleted from the knowledge hierarchy of acupuncture technique in textbooks. Acupuncture and Moxibustion is comprehensive and normative, which is important in the inheritance and application of the theory of acupuncture and moxibustion. However, it has to some extent restricted the diversified development of knowledge on acupuncture manipulation.

Constitution and flow of knowledge in acupuncture-moxibustion discipline from three debatable questions / 中国针灸

The paper studied the constitution and flow of knowledge in acupuncture-moxibustion discipline based on three questions. (1) Can a doctor of acupuncture-moxibustion be incapable of patient treatment? (2) Can acupuncture-moxibustion practice without the theoretical foundation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) be recognized as an authentic acupuncture? (3) Are scholars who had not learned acupuncture-moxibustion incompetent in making any acupuncture-related remarks? The knowledge of acupuncture-moxibustion discipline can be divided into two parts, its core and periphery. The core is the theory and practice of acupuncture and moxibustion, witch constitutes the academic knowledge system of acupuncture and moxibustion, while the periphery absorbs interdisciplinary intellectual sources, and they commonly constitute the knowledge system of acupuncture-moxibustion discipline and the knowledge flows through time, space, and the crowd regardless of its core or periphery.

Beginning of foreign exchange of acupuncture-moxibustion in New China: the whole story of the experts from the former Soviet Union studying acupuncture-moxibustion in China in 1956 / 中国针灸

Through checking the archives from China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (CACMS), the event that the experts from the former Soviet Union visiting China and learning acupuncture-moxibustion in 1956 was sorted out. In 1956, under the framework of

Periodization of the history of acupuncture-moxibustion discipline and its research methods and challenges / 中国针灸

As a discipline, the independent knowledge system of acupuncture-moxibustion has been established in - Dynasties, while the education and management institutes have tended to be formalized since Northern and Southern Dynasties and continue to late imperial period. In the period of the Republic of China, acupuncture-moxibustion discipline began to be constructed intentionally, and the knowledge system, education institutes and institution have changed significantly with the characteristics of modern science. Now acupuncture has fully met the conditions of modern subjects. The study of the history of acupuncture-moxibustion discipline needs the perspective of internal and external history integration, focusing on the differences from academic history and educational history. In addition, four important topics in the current research of the history of acupuncture-moxibustion discipline are suggested: the relationship between acupuncture- moxibustion discipline and related disciplines, scientific value and technology philosophy, international recognition and branch disciplines.

Brief analysis on / 中国针灸

, a book of acupuncture translated from Japanese version, is considered as the earliest acupuncture book that introduced anatomy into acupoints in modern times of China. What the book said are very abundant, which mainly about the history of acupuncture, anatomy of the acupoints, acupuncture treatment, and case report. was compiled and published by the scientific acupuncture tide that time; western knowledge are very rich in content, introducing anatomy into acupoints depiction, which is one of distinctive characteristics. Western medical names of disease are also employed by this book, that inspired so much for traditional acupuncture innovation of China. This article outlines the book's profile, compiler's information, the main contents of each chapter, and takes a brief discussion on the book's content characteristics and the influence on acupuncture of China later.

Exploration on () in the Republic of China / 中国针灸

(-) is a professional periodical of acupuncture-moxibustion, created by - in Peking, the Republic of China and issued nationally. In this paper, the editorial board, distribution, main category and content were collected and analyzed systematically. It is shown that acupuncture-moxibustion scholars in the Republic of China had made the active exploration for promoting the exchange and progress of acupuncture and moxibusiton. This periodical displays the clinical experiences and academic thoughts of acupuncture-moxibustion masters in that era and their responsibility to the spreading of medical information. Moreover, this periodical is one of the platforms for the integration of acupuncture-moxibustion with western medicine in the Republic of China, as well as for the exchange of the updated knowledge. This periodical is the important literature on acupuncture and moxibustion in the era of the Republic of China and is valuable for the literature and historical researches.

Discussion on theoretical history of : a review of : by / 中国针灸

The author reviewed the book of by , and put forth some evaluations, believing that the book has 4 extraordinary perspectives, clear definition for theory, clinical thinking angle, integrating narrative, and discipline structure maintaining. In addition, the values, trends andmethods of theory research were also proposed in this book review.

Practice and diversion of acupuncture-moxibustion scientization in modern times: taking ZHU Lian as the center / 中国针灸

By following the acupuncture scholar ZHU Lian's academic thought in modern times, and comparing with other contemporary acupuncture scholars, it is found that since the Republic of China, there has been an obvious practice tendency of scientization among academic thoughts of acupuncture, especially in ZHU Lian. This tendency of scientization continues until the early stage of New China. Accompanied with the process of acupuncture high education, academic thoughts represented by acupuncture-moxibustion textbook are different from scientization that is represented by ZHU Lian, and the basic path of acupuncture-moxibustion education and academic theory changed from here.

Location of disease: acupoint view from the angle of clinic / 中国针灸

Doctor WANG Zhi-zhong in the Southern Song Dynasty proposed the acupoint view of "location of disease", which explained the connotation of acupoints from the angle of clinic. Its meaning included two levels, one level meant pathological change on the body surface, that was the location of acupuncture diagnosis-treatment, and the other one indicated that the body surface which was the reflecting point of pathological change on the distal area or inside the body was the location of acupuncture diagnosis-treatment. The specific connotations of clinical acupoints were: location of pathogenic factors or reflection of pathogenic factors, regularity between acupoints un- der disease and specific organ, morphological differences and positioning variability after acupoints under disease, and acupoints examination, diagnosis and treatment.

Origin and development of Ashi point locating method / 中国针灸

The origin and development of the Ashi point theory are arranged, it is believed that the essence of Ashi point is a point locating method and it is suitable for the location of each acupoint. Originated from Neijing (Internal Classic), this method is the primary point locating method in ancient times, corresponding to the forms of acupoints in Neijing (Internal Classic), the points are located though palpation. This point locating method can be widely used to locate the points clinically, what's more, the Ashi method is not limited to use for local tenderness. Ashi point got its conception from Qianjin Yao fang (Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold), under the background of acupoint channel tropism, it gradually evolved to a certain kind of point that parallel to the regular point and extra point. This process changed the clinical point locating method: regular point and extra point are located according to proportional bone measurement, while Ashi point is located by palpation. However, it betrays the classic and clinical practice gradually.

Analysis of palpation laws of muscle meridian focus on knee osteoarthritis / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the distribution regulars of proximal and distal focus of muscle meridian regions in knee osteoarthritis patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seven hundred and sixty-five knees were selected in 516 cases of knee osteoarthritis. Under the guidance of muscle meridian theory, with the anatomical features of muscle meridian focus, the frequency and the location where the proximal and distal focus of muscle meridian regions appeared were calculated by palpation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of all the points, 11 835 points of proximal focus of muscle meridian regions were found out by palpation, and 9455 points of distal focus of muscle meridian regions were found out. The percentages of the frequency that the focus of muscle meridian of Foot-Yangming, Foot-Taiyang, Foot-Shaoyang and three foot Yin meridians appeared at proximal points of knee were 37.1% (4388/11 835), 34.9% (4127/11 835), 9.5% (1129/11 835) and 18.5% (2191/11 835) respectively; and the percentage of the frequency that the focus of muscle meridian appeared at distal points of knee were 24.7% (2333/9455), 25.2% (2380/9455), 28.5% (2700/9455) and 21.6% (2042/9455).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The proximal and distal focus of muscle meridian in knee osteoarthritis patients are closely related with anatomy structure and biomechanical characteristics; the distribution regulars of focus of muscle meridians study provides evidence for the selection of effective treatment points from different clinical acupuncture therapies.</p>

Early morphological concepts of acupoint / 中国针灸

The idea of acupoint in Internal Classic was investigated in this article. And it is held that obvious morphological features, including sunk surfaces, joint caves, gaps between muscles, collate-rals, pulses, blocked tendons and tenderness at the surface of the body can be found at where acupoints locate. The morphological characters of acupoint conform to its original meanings. To locate acupoints by their morphological features provides evidence basis for point locating in clinic, which is considered to be favourable for clinical practice. Since locations of acupoints gradually fixed in later ages, which take proportional measurement as the main method, acupoint locating is also gradually divorced from their early concepts and practice.

Study on origin of meridians and collaterals through pain relieving effect of muscle regions / 中国针灸

Through analysis on sequencing of meridians and their muscle regions, their pertaining organs, run ning courses, linking and indications described in Zubi Shiyimai (Eleven Meridian of Foot and Hand), Yinyang Shiyimai (Eleven Meridian of Yinyang), Lingshu: Jingmai (Miraculous Pivot: Meridian) and Lingshu: Jinjing (Miraculous Pivot: Muscle Meridian), it is found that most of the indications of acupuncture in ancient time are symptoms of the muscle regions. 62.59% points of the national standard acupoints location close to tender points of the muscle regions, which indicates that the origin of early acupoints are tender points along the running courses of the muscle regions. Thus, it is concluded that meridians and their muscle regions have the same origin, which provides new train of thinking for a better comprehension of origin of meridians and collaterals.

Academic thinking on Cheng Dan-an's theory of acupuncture / 中国针灸

Academic thinking on Cheng Dan-an's theory of acupuncture is analyzed. It is stated that Cheng's theory of acupuncture has put exceptional emphasis and efforts on inheriting the tradition and learning from the west by pursuing truth. He concisely reinterpretes the traditional theory of acupuncture and practically improves the acupuncture instruments according to clinical experiences. Meanwhile, he introduces the advanced achievements of anatomy and neurophysiology into acupuncture teaching and research, which plays an important role for modernization of acupuncture.

Differentiation and analysis on "keeping vitality" / 中国针灸

Precise meaning of "keeping vitality" of acupuncture in Lingshujing * Nine Needling and Twelve origins is explained from the word source of "vitality", holding that "vitality" here is recognition of the ancients for delicate changes of pulse, and essence of "keeping vitality" is the course of understanding changes of qi and blood by pulse-taking.

Intrarenal activation of renin angiotensin system in the development of cyclosporine A induced chronic nephrotoxicity / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The relationship between cyclosporine-induced chronic nephrotoxicity (CAN) and renin-angiotensin II in humans is still contradictory. This study was conducted to detect the levels of renin and angiotensin II (ANGII) both in renal tissue and plasma from kidney transplantation patients suffering from CAN.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-six patients with allograft biopsy-proven CsA-related chronic nephrotoxicity (CAN group) and chronic rejection (control group) were enrolled in this study. Renal tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical staining with renin and ANGII antibodies. Renin and ANGII plasma levels were measured when the biopsy was performed. The relationship between expression of renin or ANGII and clinicopathological manifestations were also investigated. The cyclosporine plasma level was obtained 2 hours after morning dose (C2). In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and rat mesangial cells (MC) were incubated with different concentrations of CsA (0, 250, 500, 1000 microg/L) for 24 hours. Secretion and expression of renin and ANGII was measured by radioimmunoassay or immunohistochemical staining.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Renal pathological scores for renin and ANGII expression were significantly higher in specimens of CAN than in controls (P < 0.05). The plasma levels of renin, ANGII and C(2) in the CAN group were higher than the control group, but no significant difference was found ((0.37 +/- 0.12) ng x ml(-1)x h(-1) vs (0.20 +/- 0.10) ng x ml(-1) x h(-1), P = 0.076; (122.69 +/- 26.73) pg/ml vs (121.88 +/- 36.35) pg/ml, P = 0.977; (719.04 +/- 55.89) ng/ml vs (658.80 +/- 90.78) ng/ml, P = 0.196, respectively). In vitro, renin as well as ANGII expression increased significantly in both HUVEC and MC after the cells were incubated with CsA for 24 hours (P < 0.05). CsA also stimulated the secretion of ANGII in HUVEC and MC in a dose-dependent manner.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Renal allograft biopsy is important to differentiate chronic CsA-related nephropathy from chronic rejection. The intrarenal renin angiotensin system plays an important role in CsA-related chronic nephropathy. The histological lesions of CsA nephrotoxicity fail to correspond spontaneously to either the change of C2 level or the change of renin and ANGII plasma level. CsA stimulates the secretion of ANGII and the expression of renin and ANGII in HUVEC and MC. Blockage of RAS may be helpful for therapeutic intervention in the progression of CsA-related chronic nephropathy.</p>