ABSTRACT
Background: To compare the frequency of habits among different stages of oral submucous fibrosis
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Patients were recruited through purposive sampling technique from Dental OPD of Ziauddin Dental College, Clifton campus and Keamari campus, Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi. There were 50 stage 1 OSMF patients with limited mouth opening between 26-35 mm and 50 stage 2 OSMF patients with limited mouth opening less than 26mm. A detailed questionnaire was filled with details regarding patient's medical history along with the frequency of pan, ghutka, betelnut, tobacco and alcohol. Co-relations were studied between various continuous variables. Cross-tabulations were performed between frequency of habits and different stages of OSMF
Results: In the present study, 100 OSMF patients, 70 [70 %] males and 30 [30 %] females, were recruited and diagnosed into different stages on the basis of limited mouth opening. Majority of addictions in OSMF stage 1were due to pan chewing [54%] followed by ghutka [40%], tobacco [34 %] and betelnut [28%] respectively. OSMF stage 2 patients showed highest consumption of ghutka [68%] followed by pan [60%], betelnut [50%] and tobacco [42%] respectively. Alcohol consumption alone in both stages was found insignificant causative factor in OSMF disease
Conclusion:The present study revealed that the relative risk of disease becomes higher with increased frequency and duration of daily consumption of pan for stage 1 and ghutka for stage 2 OSMF patients
ABSTRACT
The predominant salivary glands are parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Innumerous small salivary glands are present in the buccal cavity, pharynx, and the larynx, which are not identified on usual radiologic studies. Frequently used radiology imaging comprise of plain radiography and conventional sialography. Nowadays, high-resolution ultrasonography [HRUS] is being progressively used for the salivary gland imaging. Hence, the significance of cross-sectional studies like computed tomography [CT] and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] have transformed the imaging of the salivary glands. Different changes in radiologic studies have led to increase sensitivity in the detection of disorders that include the significant salivary glands. Ultrasonography, plain radiographs, sialogram, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], computed tomography [CT], and nuclear scintigraphy /positron emission tomography [PET] all considered as involving in the programming of future treatment, surgical or otherwise. We reevaluate the techniques applied for the chief salivary glands imaging, and its application. An exploration of literature search was determined utilizing the electronic databases of Pub Med, Google scholar, Elsevier from 1970 to 2015 for English-language articles. The search terms utilized were salivary gland imaging. The titles and abstract of articles were evaluated. Entire text and reviews were appraised when the abstracts meet to the inclusion criterion. This review included all articles that were used for the advancement of information about salivary gland imaging
ABSTRACT
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma [OSCC] is one of the most common cancers in the world. Cigarette smoking, gutka and pan are the most common addictions in Pakistan. This study is conducted to evaluate the frequency of these risk factors [cigarette smoking, gutka and pan] and correlate it with histopathological grade of OSCC.The objective of the study is to evaluate the role of cigarette smoking, gutka and pan consumption in the histopathological differentiation of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. OSCC patients [n= 138] were recruited through purposive sampling technique from Dental OPD of Ziauddin Dental College, Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi. A detailed questionnaire was filled with information regarding patient's medical history along with the daily consumption of cigarette, gutka and pan. Co-relations were studied between various continuous variables. Cross-tabulations were performed between frequency of habits and different histopathological grades of OSCC
Results: In the present study, 138 OSCC patients, 108 [78.3%] males and 30 [21.7 %] females, were enrolled and histopathologically diagnosed into well differentiated, moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated OSCC. Association of histopathological grades of OSCC with different age groups revealed moderately differentiated OSCC as the predominant histopathological differentiation in 30-39 years age group [46.3%]. Majority of OSCC cases with cigarette smoking and gutka consumption used these products with frequency of > 15 packets per day, while, most of the pan consumers used 5-15 pan per day. All these patients had poorly differentiated OSCC i.e. 48.7% cigarette smokers, 64.1% gutka and 43% pan consumers
Conclusion: This study concludes that most of OSCC patients with habits of gutka, cigarette smoking and pan were associated with poorly differentiated carcinoma with more cases occurring in younger age group. This point to an alarming situation and serious thought should be given to early detection and prevention
ABSTRACT
Oral Cancer [95% of which is squamous cell carcinoma] is a common and fatal malignancy.Globally, Oral Cancer accounts for 2-4% of all cases while it is regarded as the sixth most common cancer in Asia.Prevalence of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma [OSCC]in Pakistan is 10%. Saliva, a reflection of human health has been used as an investigative tool forover more than two thousand years.Direct contact between saliva and the Oral Cancer makes assessment of salivary tumor markers an effective alternative to serum testing. A saliva based test could be a non -invasive as well as cost-effective method in the diagnosis and follow-up of subjects with Oral Cancer.This article reviews the recently established biomarkers for OSCC such as Matrix Metalloproteinase [MMP], Cytokeratin's, Cancer Antigen, Tumor suppressor gene P53 etc.which are of great importance in early detection.Oral cancer is usually diagnosed in late stages due to lack of definitive tumor markers for early detection. Initial diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma can lead to early cure as compared to a diagnosis at a later stage. Thousands of presumptive biomarkers have been analyzed and revealed, amongst which we included only those which have been thoroughly investigated by different researchers for Oral Cancer.The purpose of this review article is to providethe current status of knowledge regarding tumor markers in saliva of Oral Cancer patients. This precise review included all articles that were used for the advancement of information about potential biomarkers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Appropriate articles were determined according to a reconsideration of abstracts. Search of academic and published literature was carried utilizing the electronic databases of Pub Med, Google scholar, Elsevier from 2000 to 2015 for English-language articles. The search terms applied were: "biochemical markers and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma" The subjects, titles and abstracts of articles were appraised. Entire and complete text matter and reviews of the studies and researches were analyzed when the abstract met the inclusion framework. Evaluation of selected data includes a serious and detailed review of abstracts or full text papers
ABSTRACT
Background: Multiple renal pathogenesis manifested as unilateral or bilateral size changes, therefore there should be normative reference data for proper comparison. Our goal is to determine normal standard value ranges for renal dimensions in pediatric population in Karachi. Sonographically renal length in 150 children were measured and correlate with age, gender, body height, weight and BMI
Objective: Sonographic Measurement of Normal Renal Size and Correlation with Somatic Variables in Subset of Karachi Pediatric Population
Methods: A six month cross sectional hospital based assessment of kidney size [length, width] was evaluated with the help of sonography. XarioTM 200 Toshiba with convex 3.5 frequency transducer will be used. The mean renal dimensions with standard deviation [SD] were estimated for every group of age. The renal length and width were determined and corresponded with different somatic variables. Descriptive statistics with Regression analysis was done
Results: The normal length and the width of kidneys and its ranges were obtained. Right kidney length moderately and significantly correlated with height and weight [r=0.651, r=0.654] and age [r=0.538] respectively. However, moderately insignificant with BMI [0.129]. Lefts kidney moderately and significantly correlated with height and weight [r=0.665 r=0.705], negative insignificant with age [0.564] and moderately weak insignificant relationship with BMI [0.174]
Conclusion: The research presents the normal range parameters of renal size and measurements by sonography in healthy pediatric population in Karachi. Guideline measurements of kidneys represent a statistically important and comprehensive interaction with specifications of growth which allows us to easily calculate the renal size by derived regression analysis
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Child , Child, Preschool , Infant , Adolescent , Ultrasonography , Cross-Sectional Studies , Organ Size , PediatricsABSTRACT
Oral submucous fibrosis [OSMF] is a chronic, irreversibly progressive and precancerous disease that effects oral, oropharyngeal and oesophageal mucosa. OSMF is characterised by the inflamation and progressive fibrosis of lamina propria that leads to difficulty in mastication, speech, swallowing and causes limited mouth opening. Arecoline [major alkaloid] in areca nut is the main aeitiological factor in causing the disease. Prevalance of OSMF ranges from 0.2% to 0.5% in South India. The malignant rate of transformation over 17-year period was 7.6%. Trace elements [part of metalloenzymes] are recognised as versatile biomarkers which may be helpful in early detection, prognosis and can reduce the incidence of cancer. Copper, Iron, Zinc, Selenium, Cadmium, antioxidants [Superoxide Dimutase, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E], immunoglobulins and alternation in oncosupressor genes and other genes have been emphasized as biochemical parameters that play an important role in its pathogenesis. These parameters can also serve as important biomarkers in early detection of a premalignant condition and cancer progression